base on .NET for the NES game console # .NES ("dot" NES) <img height="128" src="assets/Transparent/dotnes-ms.png" alt="dot NES logo" /> .NET for the NES game console!  ## Contributing PRs of any kind are welcome! If you have a question, feel free to: * [File an Issue](https://github.com/jonathanpeppers/dotnes/issues) * [Open a Discussion](https://github.com/jonathanpeppers/dotnes/discussions) * [Join the Discord](https://discord.gg/YbAyj6KP) Thanks! ## Getting Started Simply install the template: ```sh dotnet new install dotnes.templates ``` Create a project: ```sh dotnet new nes ``` Or use the project template in Visual Studio:  Build and run it as you would a console app: ```sh dotnet run ``` Of course, you can also just open the project in Visual Studio and hit F5. > Note that Ctrl+F5 currently works better in C# Dev Kit in VS Code. Check out the video for a full demo: [](https://youtu.be/m4TU5PJ8WtY) ## Anatomy of an NES application "Hello World" looks something like: ```csharp // set palette colors pal_col(0, 0x02); // set screen to dark blue pal_col(1, 0x14); // fuchsia pal_col(2, 0x20); // grey pal_col(3, 0x30); // white // write text to name table vram_adr(NTADR_A(2, 2)); // set address vram_write("Hello, world!"); // write bytes to video RAM // enable PPU rendering (turn on screen) ppu_on_all(); // infinite loop while (true) ; ``` This looks very much like ["Hello World" in C](https://8bitworkshop.com/v3.10.0/?platform=nes&file=hello.c), taking advantage of the latest C# features in 2023. By default the APIs like `pal_col`, etc. are provided by an implicit `global using static NESLib;` and all code is written within a single `Program.cs`. Additionally, a `chr_generic.s` file is included as your game's "artwork" (lol?): ```assembly .segment "CHARS" .byte $00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00 ... .byte $B4,$8C,$FC,$3C,$98,$C0,$00,$00 ;; ``` This table of data is used to render sprites, text, etc. ## Scope The types of things I wanted to get working initially: * An object model for writing NES binaries * Building a project should produce a `*.nes` binary, that is byte-for-byte identical to a program written in C. * "Hello World" runs * Byte arrays, and a more advanced sample like `attributetable` run * Local variables work in some form * Project template, MSBuild support, IDE support Down the road, I might think about support for: * Methods * Structs * Multiple files * Some subset of useful BCL methods ## How it works For lack of a better word, .NES is a "transpiler" that takes [MSIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSIL) and transforms it directly into a working [6502 microprocessor](http://www.6502.org/) binary that can run in your favorite NES emulator. If you think about .NET's Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler or the various an Ahead-Of-Time (AOT) compilers, .NES is doing something similiar: taking MSIL and turning it into runnable machine code. To understand further, let's look at the MSIL of a `pal_col` method call: ```msil // pal_col((byte)0, (byte)2); IL_0000: ldc.i4.0 IL_0001: ldc.i4.2 IL_0002: call void [neslib]NES.NESLib::pal_col(uint8, uint8) ``` In 6502 assembly, this would look something like: ```assembly A900 LDA #$00 20A285 JSR pusha A902 LDA #$02 203E82 JSR _pal_col ``` You can see how one might envision using [System.Reflection.Metadata][srm] to iterate over the contents of a .NET assembly and generate [6502 instructions][6502-instructions] -- that's how this whole idea was born! Note that the method `NESLib.pal_col()` has no actual C# implementation. In fact! there is *only* a reference assembly even shipped in .NES: ```powershell > 7z l dotnes.0.2.0-alpha.nupkg Date Time Attr Size Compressed Name ------------------- ----- ------------ ------------ ------------------------ 2023-09-14 14:37:38 ..... 8192 3169 ref\net8.0\neslib.dll ``` If you decompile `neslib.dll`, no code is inside: ```csharp // Warning! This assembly is marked as a 'reference assembly', which means that it only contains metadata and no executable code. // neslib, Version=0.1.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null // NES.NESLib public static void pal_col(byte index, byte color) => throw null; ``` When generating `*.nes` binaries, .NES simply does a lookup for `pal_col` to "jump" to the appropriate subroutine to call it. .NES also emits the assembly instructions for the actual `pal_col` subroutine, a code snippet of the implementation: ```csharp /* * 823E 8517 STA TEMP ; _pal_col * 8240 209285 JSR popa * 8243 291F AND #$1F * 8245 AA TAX * 8246 A517 LDA TEMP * 8248 9DC001 STA $01C0,x * 824B E607 INC PAL_UPDATE * 824D 60 RTS */ Write(NESInstruction.STA_zpg, TEMP); Write(NESInstruction.JSR, popa.GetAddressAfterMain(sizeOfMain)); Write(NESInstruction.AND, 0x1F); Write(NESInstruction.TAX_impl); Write(NESInstruction.LDA_zpg, TEMP); Write(NESInstruction.STA_abs_X, PAL_BUF); Write(NESInstruction.INC_zpg, PAL_UPDATE); Write(NESInstruction.RTS_impl); ``` [srm]: https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.reflection.metadata [6502-instructions]: https://www.masswerk.at/6502/6502_instruction_set.html ## Limitations This is a hobby project, so only around 5 C# programs are known to work. But to get an idea of what is not available: * No runtime * No BCL * No objects or GC * No debugger * Strings are ASCII What we *do* have is a way to express an NES program in a single `Program.cs`. ## Links To learn more about NES development, I found the following useful: * [8bitworkshop](https://8bitworkshop.com) * [NES 6502 Programming Tutorial](https://www.vbforums.com/showthread.php?858389-NES-6502-Programming-Tutorial-Part-1-Getting-Started) * [INES File Format](https://wiki.nesdev.org/w/index.php/INES) * [6502 Instruction Set][6502-instructions] * [HxD Hex Editor](https://mh-nexus.de/en/hxd/) ## ANESE License I needed a simple, small NES emulator to redistribute with .NES that runs on Mac and Windows. Special thanks to [@daniel5151 and ANESE](https://github.com/daniel5151/ANESE). This is the default NES emulator used in the `dotnet.anese` package, [license here](https://github.com/daniel5151/ANESE/blob/8ae814d615479b1496c98033a1f5bc4da5921c6f/LICENSE). ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"10415","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"