base on A high-performance, zero-overhead, extensible Python compiler using LLVM <p align="center"> <img src="docs/img/codon.png?raw=true" width="600" alt="Codon"/> </p> <h3 align="center"> <a href="https://docs.exaloop.io/codon" target="_blank"><b>Docs</b></a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/general/faq" target="_blank"><b>FAQ</b></a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://blog.exaloop.io" target="_blank"><b>Blog</b></a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://join.slack.com/t/exaloop/shared_invite/zt-1jusa4kc0-T3rRWrrHDk_iZ1dMS8s0JQ" target="_blank">Chat</a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/general/roadmap" target="_blank">Roadmap</a> &nbsp;&#183;&nbsp; <a href="https://exaloop.io/benchmarks" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a> </h3> <a href="https://github.com/exaloop/codon/actions/workflows/ci.yml"> <img src="https://github.com/exaloop/codon/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg" alt="Build Status"> </a> ## What is Codon? Codon is a high-performance Python implementation that compiles to native machine code without any runtime overhead. Typical speedups over vanilla Python are on the order of 10-100x or more, on a single thread. Codon's performance is typically on par with (and sometimes better than) that of C/C++. Unlike Python, Codon supports native multithreading, which can lead to speedups many times higher still. *Think of Codon as Python reimagined for static, ahead-of-time compilation, built from the ground up with best possible performance in mind.* ### Goals - :bulb: **No learning curve:** Be as close to CPython as possible in terms of syntax, semantics and libraries - :rocket: **Top-notch performance:** At *least* on par with low-level languages like C, C++ or Rust - :computer: **Hardware support:** Full, seamless support for multicore programming, multithreading (no GIL!), GPU and more - :chart_with_upwards_trend: **Optimizations:** Comprehensive optimization framework that can target high-level Python constructs and libraries - :battery: **Interoperability:** Full interoperability with Python's ecosystem of packages and libraries ### Non-goals - :x: *Drop-in replacement for CPython:* Codon is not a drop-in replacement for CPython. There are some aspects of Python that are not suitable for static compilation — we don't support these in Codon. There are ways to use Codon in larger Python codebases via its [JIT decorator](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/interoperability/decorator) or [Python extension backend](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/interoperability/pyext). Codon also supports calling any Python module via its [Python interoperability](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/interoperability/python). See also [*"Differences with Python"*](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/general/differences) in the docs. - :x: *New syntax and language constructs:* We try to avoid adding new syntax, keywords or other language features as much as possible. While Codon does add some new syntax in a couple places (e.g. to express parallelism), we try to make it as familiar and intuitive as possible. ## Install Pre-built binaries for Linux (x86_64) and macOS (x86_64 and arm64) are available alongside [each release](https://github.com/exaloop/codon/releases). Download and install with: ```bash /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://exaloop.io/install.sh)" ``` Or you can [build from source](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/advanced/build). ## Examples Codon is a Python-compatible language, and many Python programs will work with few if any modifications: ```python def fib(n): a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: print(a, end=' ') a, b = b, a+b print() fib(1000) ``` The `codon` compiler has a number of options and modes: ```bash # compile and run the program codon run fib.py # 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 # compile and run the program with optimizations enabled codon run -release fib.py # 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 # compile to executable with optimizations enabled codon build -release -exe fib.py ./fib # 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 # compile to LLVM IR file with optimizations enabled codon build -release -llvm fib.py # outputs file fib.ll ``` See [the docs](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/general/intro) for more options and examples. You can import and use any Python package from Codon. For example: ```python from python import matplotlib.pyplot as plt data = [x**2 for x in range(10)] plt.plot(data) plt.show() ``` (Just remember to set the `CODON_PYTHON` environment variable to the CPython shared library, as explained in the [the docs](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/interoperability/python).) This prime counting example showcases Codon's [OpenMP](https://www.openmp.org/) support, enabled with the addition of one line. The `@par` annotation tells the compiler to parallelize the following `for`-loop, in this case using a dynamic schedule, chunk size of 100, and 16 threads. ```python from sys import argv def is_prime(n): factors = 0 for i in range(2, n): if n % i == 0: factors += 1 return factors == 0 limit = int(argv[1]) total = 0 @par(schedule='dynamic', chunk_size=100, num_threads=16) for i in range(2, limit): if is_prime(i): total += 1 print(total) ``` Codon supports writing and executing GPU kernels. Here's an example that computes the [Mandelbrot set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set): ```python import gpu MAX = 1000 # maximum Mandelbrot iterations N = 4096 # width and height of image pixels = [0 for _ in range(N * N)] def scale(x, a, b): return a + (x/N)*(b - a) @gpu.kernel def mandelbrot(pixels): idx = (gpu.block.x * gpu.block.dim.x) + gpu.thread.x i, j = divmod(idx, N) c = complex(scale(j, -2.00, 0.47), scale(i, -1.12, 1.12)) z = 0j iteration = 0 while abs(z) <= 2 and iteration < MAX: z = z**2 + c iteration += 1 pixels[idx] = int(255 * iteration/MAX) mandelbrot(pixels, grid=(N*N)//1024, block=1024) ``` GPU programming can also be done using the `@par` syntax with `@par(gpu=True)`. ## Documentation Please see [docs.exaloop.io](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon) for in-depth documentation. ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"11778","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"