base on Write Cloudflare Workers in 100% Rust via WebAssembly  [](https://crates.io/crates/worker) [](https://docs.rs/worker) **Work-in-progress** ergonomic Rust bindings to Cloudflare Workers environment. Write your entire worker in Rust! Read the [Notes and FAQ](#notes-and-faq) ## Example Usage ```rust use worker::*; #[event(fetch)] pub async fn main(mut req: Request, env: Env, _ctx: worker::Context) -> Result<Response> { console_log!( "{} {}, located at: {:?}, within: {}", req.method().to_string(), req.path(), req.cf().unwrap().coordinates().unwrap_or_default(), req.cf().unwrap().region().unwrap_or("unknown region".into()) ); if !matches!(req.method(), Method::Post) { return Response::error("Method Not Allowed", 405); } if let Some(file) = req.form_data().await?.get("file") { return match file { FormEntry::File(buf) => { Response::ok(&format!("size = {}", buf.bytes().await?.len())) } _ => Response::error("`file` part of POST form must be a file", 400), }; } Response::error("Bad Request", 400) } ``` ## Getting Started The project uses [wrangler](https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-sdk/tree/main/packages/wrangler) for running and publishing your Worker. Use [cargo generate](https://github.com/cargo-generate/cargo-generate) to start from a template: ```bash cargo generate cloudflare/workers-rs ``` There are several templates to chose from. You should see a new project layout with a `src/lib.rs`. Start there! Use any local or remote crates and modules (as long as they compile to the `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target). Once you're ready to run your project, run your worker locally: ```bash npx wrangler dev ``` Finally, go live: ```bash # configure your routes, zones & more in your worker's `wrangler.toml` file npx wrangler deploy ``` If you would like to have `wrangler` installed on your machine, see instructions in [wrangler repository](https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-sdk/tree/main/packages/wrangler). ## `http` Feature `worker` `0.0.21` introduced an `http` feature flag which starts to replace custom types with widely used types from the [`http`](https://docs.rs/http/latest/http/) crate. This makes it much easier to use crates which use these standard types such as `axum` and `hyper`. This currently does a few things: 1. Introduce `Body`, which implements `http_body::Body` and is a simple wrapper around `web_sys::ReadableStream`. 1. The `req` argument when using the `[event(fetch)]` macro becomes `http::Request<worker::Body>`. 1. The expected return type for the fetch handler is `http::Response<B>` where `B` can be any `http_body::Body<Data=Bytes>`. 1. The argument for `Fetcher::fetch_request` is `http::Request<worker::Body>`. 1. The return type of `Fetcher::fetch_request` is `Result<http::Response<worker::Body>>`. The end result is being able to use frameworks like `axum` directly (see [example](./examples/axum)): ```rust pub async fn root() -> &'static str { "Hello Axum!" } fn router() -> Router { Router::new().route("/", get(root)) } #[event(fetch)] async fn fetch( req: HttpRequest, _env: Env, _ctx: Context, ) -> Result<http::Response<axum::body::Body>> { Ok(router().call(req).await?) } ``` We also implement `try_from` between `worker::Request` and `http::Request<worker::Body>`, and between `worker::Response` and `http::Response<worker::Body>`. This allows you to convert your code incrementally if it is tightly coupled to the original types. ### Or use the `Router`: Parameterize routes and access the parameter values from within a handler. Each handler function takes a `Request`, and a `RouteContext`. The `RouteContext` has shared data, route params, `Env` bindings, and more. ```rust use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize}; use worker::*; #[event(fetch)] pub async fn main(req: Request, env: Env, _ctx: worker::Context) -> Result<Response> { // Create an instance of the Router, which can use parameters (/user/:name) or wildcard values // (/file/*pathname). Alternatively, use `Router::with_data(D)` and pass in arbitrary data for // routes to access and share using the `ctx.data()` method. let router = Router::new(); // useful for JSON APIs #[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)] struct Account { id: u64, // ... } router .get_async("/account/:id", |_req, ctx| async move { if let Some(id) = ctx.param("id") { let accounts = ctx.kv("ACCOUNTS")?; return match accounts.get(id).json::<Account>().await? { Some(account) => Response::from_json(&account), None => Response::error("Not found", 404), }; } Response::error("Bad Request", 400) }) // handle files and fields from multipart/form-data requests .post_async("/upload", |mut req, _ctx| async move { let form = req.form_data().await?; if let Some(entry) = form.get("file") { match entry { FormEntry::File(file) => { let bytes = file.bytes().await?; } FormEntry::Field(_) => return Response::error("Bad Request", 400), } // ... if let Some(permissions) = form.get("permissions") { // permissions == "a,b,c,d" } // or call `form.get_all("permissions")` if using multiple entries per field } Response::error("Bad Request", 400) }) // read/write binary data .post_async("/echo-bytes", |mut req, _ctx| async move { let data = req.bytes().await?; if data.len() < 1024 { return Response::error("Bad Request", 400); } Response::from_bytes(data) }) .run(req, env).await } ``` ## Durable Object, KV, Secret, & Variable Bindings All "bindings" to your script (Durable Object & KV Namespaces, Secrets, Variables and Version) are accessible from the `env` parameter provided to both the entrypoint (`main` in this example), and to the route handler callback (in the `ctx` argument), if you use the `Router` from the `worker` crate. ```rust use worker::*; #[event(fetch, respond_with_errors)] pub async fn main(req: Request, env: Env, _ctx: worker::Context) -> Result<Response> { utils::set_panic_hook(); let router = Router::new(); router .on_async("/durable", |_req, ctx| async move { let namespace = ctx.durable_object("CHATROOM")?; let stub = namespace.id_from_name("A")?.get_stub()?; // `fetch_with_str` requires a valid Url to make request to DO. But we can make one up! stub.fetch_with_str("http://fake_url.com/messages").await }) .get("/secret", |_req, ctx| { Response::ok(ctx.secret("CF_API_TOKEN")?.to_string()) }) .get("/var", |_req, ctx| { Response::ok(ctx.var("BUILD_NUMBER")?.to_string()) }) .post_async("/kv", |_req, ctx| async move { let kv = ctx.kv("SOME_NAMESPACE")?; kv.put("key", "value")?.execute().await?; Response::empty() }) .run(req, env).await } ``` For more information about how to configure these bindings, see: - https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/cli-wrangler/configuration#keys - https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/learning/using-durable-objects#configuring-durable-object-bindings - https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/runtime-apis/bindings/version-metadata/ ## Durable Objects ### Define a Durable Object in Rust To define a Durable Object using the `worker` crate you need to implement the `DurableObject` trait on your own struct. Additionally, the `#[durable_object]` attribute macro must be applied to the struct definition. ```rust use worker::{durable_object, DurableObject, State, Env, Result, Request, Response}; #[durable_object] pub struct Chatroom { users: Vec<User>, messages: Vec<Message>, state: State, env: Env, // access `Env` across requests, use inside `fetch` } impl DurableObject for Chatroom { fn new(state: State, env: Env) -> Self { Self { users: vec![], messages: vec![], state: state, env, } } async fn fetch(&self, _req: Request) -> Result<Response> { // do some work when a worker makes a request to this DO Response::ok(&format!("{} active users.", self.users.len())) } } ``` You'll need to "migrate" your worker script when it's published so that it is aware of this new Durable Object, and include a binding in your `wrangler.toml`. - Include the Durable Object binding type in you `wrangler.toml` file: ```toml # ... [durable_objects] bindings = [ { name = "CHATROOM", class_name = "Chatroom" } # the `class_name` uses the Rust struct identifier name ] [[migrations]] tag = "v1" # Should be unique for each entry new_classes = ["Chatroom"] # Array of new classes ``` ### SQLite Storage in Durable Objects Durable Objects can use SQLite for persistent storage, providing a relational database interface. To enable SQLite storage, you need to use `new_sqlite_classes` in your migration and access the SQL storage through `state.storage().sql()`. ```rust use worker::{durable_object, DurableObject, State, Env, Result, Request, Response, SqlStorage}; #[durable_object] pub struct SqlCounter { sql: SqlStorage, } impl DurableObject for SqlCounter { fn new(state: State, _env: Env) -> Self { let sql = state.storage().sql(); // Create table if it does not exist sql.exec("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS counter(value INTEGER);", None) .expect("create table"); Self { sql } } async fn fetch(&self, _req: Request) -> Result<Response> { #[derive(serde::Deserialize)] struct Row { value: i32, } // Read current value let rows: Vec<Row> = self .sql .exec("SELECT value FROM counter LIMIT 1;", None)? .to_array()?; let current = rows.get(0).map(|r| r.value).unwrap_or(0); let next = current + 1; // Update counter self.sql.exec("DELETE FROM counter;", None)?; self.sql .exec("INSERT INTO counter(value) VALUES (?);", vec![next.into()])?; Response::ok(format!("SQL counter is now {}", next)) } } ``` Configure your `wrangler.toml` to enable SQLite storage: ```toml # ... [durable_objects] bindings = [ { name = "SQL_COUNTER", class_name = "SqlCounter" } ] [[migrations]] tag = "v1" # Should be unique for each entry new_sqlite_classes = ["SqlCounter"] # Use new_sqlite_classes for SQLite-enabled objects ``` - For more information about migrating your Durable Object as it changes, see the docs here: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/learning/using-durable-objects#durable-object-migrations-in-wranglertoml ## Queues ### Enabling queues As queues are in beta you need to enable the `queue` feature flag. Enable it by adding it to the worker dependency in your `Cargo.toml`: ```toml worker = {version = "...", features = ["queue"]} ``` ### Example worker consuming and producing messages: ```rust use worker::*; use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize}; #[derive(Serialize, Debug, Clone, Deserialize)] pub struct MyType { foo: String, bar: u32, } // Consume messages from a queue #[event(queue)] pub async fn main(message_batch: MessageBatch<MyType>, env: Env, _ctx: Context) -> Result<()> { // Get a queue with the binding 'my_queue' let my_queue = env.queue("my_queue")?; // Deserialize the message batch let messages = message_batch.messages()?; // Loop through the messages for message in messages { // Log the message and meta data console_log!( "Got message {:?}, with id {} and timestamp: {}", message.body(), message.id(), message.timestamp().to_string() ); // Send the message body to the other queue my_queue.send(message.body()).await?; // Ack individual message message.ack(); // Retry individual message message.retry(); } // Retry all messages message_batch.retry_all(); // Ack all messages message_batch.ack_all(); Ok(()) } ``` You'll need to ensure you have the correct bindings in your `wrangler.toml`: ```toml # ... [[queues.consumers]] queue = "myqueueotherqueue" max_batch_size = 10 max_batch_timeout = 30 [[queues.producers]] queue = "myqueue" binding = "my_queue" ``` ## RPC Support `workers-rs` has experimental support for [Workers RPC](https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/runtime-apis/rpc/). For now, this relies on JavaScript bindings and may require some manual usage of `wasm-bindgen`. Not all features of RPC are supported yet (or have not been tested), including: - Function arguments and return values - Class instances - Stub forwarding ### RPC Server Writing an RPC server with `workers-rs` is relatively simple. Simply export methods using `wasm-bindgen`. These will be automatically detected by `worker-build` and made available to other Workers. See [example](./examples/rpc-server). ### RPC Client Creating types and bindings for invoking another Worker's RPC methods is a bit more involved. You will need to write more complex `wasm-bindgen` bindings and some boilerplate to make interacting with the RPC methods more idiomatic. See [example](./examples/rpc-client/src/calculator.rs). With manually written bindings, it should be possible to support non-primitive argument and return types, using `serde-wasm-bindgen`. ### Generating Client Bindings There are many routes that can be taken to describe RPC interfaces. Under the hood, Workers RPC uses [Cap'N Proto](https://capnproto.org/). A possible future direction is for Wasm guests to include Cap'N Proto serde support and speak directly to the RPC protocol, bypassing JavaScript. This would likely involve defining the RPC interface in Cap'N Proto schema and generating Rust code from that. Another popular interface schema in the WebAssembly community is [WIT](https://github.com/WebAssembly/component-model/blob/main/design/mvp/WIT.md). This is a lightweight format designed for the WebAssembly Component model. `workers-rs` includes an **experimental** code generator which allows you to describe your RPC interface using WIT and generate JavaScript bindings as shown in the [rpc-client example](./examples/rpc-client/wit/calculator.wit). The easiest way to use this code generator is using a [build script](./examples/rpc-client/build.rs) as shown in the example. This code generator is pre-alpha, with no support guarantee, and implemented only for primitive types at this time. ## Testing with Miniflare In order to test your Rust worker locally, the best approach is to use [Miniflare](https://github.com/cloudflare/miniflare). However, because Miniflare is a Node package, you will need to write your end-to-end tests in JavaScript or TypeScript in your project. The official documentation for writing tests using Miniflare is [available here](https://miniflare.dev). This documentation being focused on JavaScript / TypeScript codebase, you will need to configure as follows to make it work with your Rust-based, WASM-generated worker: ### Step 1: Add Wrangler and Miniflare to your `devDependencies` ```sh npm install --save-dev wrangler miniflare ``` ### Step 2: Build your worker before running the tests Make sure that your worker is built before running your tests by calling the following in your build chain: ```sh wrangler deploy --dry-run ``` By default, this should build your worker under the `./build/` directory at the root of your project. ### Step 3: Configure your Miniflare instance in your JavaScript / TypeScript tests To instantiate the `Miniflare` testing instance in your tests, make sure to configure its `scriptPath` option to the relative path of where your JavaScript worker entrypoint was generated, and its `moduleRules` so that it is able to resolve the `*.wasm` file imported from that JavaScript worker: ```js // test.mjs import assert from "node:assert"; import { Miniflare } from "miniflare"; const mf = new Miniflare({ scriptPath: "./build/worker/shim.mjs", modules: true, modulesRules: [ { type: "CompiledWasm", include: ["**/*.wasm"], fallthrough: true } ] }); const res = await mf.dispatchFetch("http://localhost"); assert(res.ok); assert.strictEqual(await res.text(), "Hello, World!"); ``` ## D1 Databases ### Enabling D1 databases As D1 databases are in alpha, you'll need to enable the `d1` feature on the `worker` crate. ```toml worker = { version = "x.y.z", features = ["d1"] } ``` ### Example usage ```rust use worker::*; #[derive(Deserialize)] struct Thing { thing_id: String, desc: String, num: u32, } #[event(fetch, respond_with_errors)] pub async fn main(request: Request, env: Env, _ctx: Context) -> Result<Response> { Router::new() .get_async("/:id", |_, ctx| async move { let id = ctx.param("id").unwrap()?; let d1 = ctx.env.d1("things-db")?; let statement = d1.prepare("SELECT * FROM things WHERE thing_id = ?1"); let query = statement.bind(&[id])?; let result = query.first::<Thing>(None).await?; match result { Some(thing) => Response::from_json(&thing), None => Response::error("Not found", 404), } }) .run(request, env) .await } ``` # Notes and FAQ It is exciting to see how much is possible with a framework like this, by expanding the options developers have when building on top of the Workers platform. However, there is still much to be done. Expect a few rough edges, some unimplemented APIs, and maybe a bug or two here and there. It’s worth calling out here that some things that may have worked in your Rust code might not work here - it’s all WebAssembly at the end of the day, and if your code or third-party libraries don’t target `wasm32-unknown-unknown`, they can’t be used on Workers. Additionally, you’ve got to leave your threaded async runtimes at home; meaning no Tokio or async_std support. However, async/await syntax is still available and supported out of the box when you use the `worker` crate. We fully intend to support this crate and continue to build out its missing features, but your help and feedback is a must. We don’t like to build in a vacuum, and we’re in an incredibly fortunate position to have brilliant customers like you who can help steer us towards an even better product. So give it a try, leave some feedback, and star the repo to encourage us to dedicate more time and resources to this kind of project. If this is interesting to you and you want to help out, we’d be happy to get outside contributors started. We know there are improvements to be made such as compatibility with popular Rust HTTP ecosystem types (we have an example conversion for [Headers](https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-rs/blob/3d5876a1aca0a649209152d1ffd52dae7bccda87/libworker/src/headers.rs#L131-L167) if you want to make one), implementing additional Web APIs, utility crates, and more. In fact, we’re always on the lookout for great engineers, and hiring for many open roles - please [take a look](https://www.cloudflare.com/careers/). ### FAQ 1. Can I deploy a Worker that uses `tokio` or `async_std` runtimes? - Currently no. All crates in your Worker project must compile to `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target, which is more limited in some ways than targets for x86 and ARM64. However, you should still be able to use runtime-agnostic primitives from those crates such as those from [tokio::sync](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/index.html#runtime-compatibility). 2. The `worker` crate doesn't have _X_! Why not? - Most likely, it should, we just haven't had the time to fully implement it or add a library to wrap the FFI. Please let us know you need a feature by [opening an issue](https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-rs/issues). 3. My bundle size exceeds [Workers size limits](https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/platform/limits/), what do I do? - We're working on solutions here, but in the meantime you'll need to minimize the number of crates your code depends on, or strip as much from the `.wasm` binary as possible. Here are some extra steps you can try: https://rustwasm.github.io/book/reference/code-size.html#optimizing-builds-for-code-size ### ⚠️ Caveats 1. Upgrading worker package to version `0.0.18` and higher - While upgrading your worker to version `0.0.18` an error "error[E0432]: unresolved import `crate::sys::IoSourceState`" can appear. In this case, upgrade `package.edition` to `edition = "2021"` in `wrangler.toml` ```toml [package] edition = "2021" ``` # Releasing 1. [Trigger](https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-rs/actions/workflows/create-release-pr.yml) a workflow to create a release PR. 1. Review version changes and merge PR. 1. A draft GitHub release will be created. Author release notes and publish when ready. 1. Crates (`worker-sys`, `worker-macros`, `worker`) will be published automatically. # Contributing Your feedback is welcome and appreciated! Please use the issue tracker to talk about potential implementations or make feature requests. If you're interested in making a PR, we suggest opening up an issue to talk about the change you'd like to make as early as possible. ## Project Contents - **worker**: the user-facing crate, with Rust-familiar abstractions over the Rust<->JS/WebAssembly interop via wrappers and convenience library over the FFI bindings. - **worker-sys**: Rust extern "C" definitions for FFI compatibility with the Workers JS Runtime. - **worker-macros**: exports `event` and `durable_object` macros for wrapping Rust entry point in a `fetch` method of an ES Module, and code generation to create and interact with Durable Objects. - **worker-sandbox**: a functioning Cloudflare Worker for testing features and ergonomics. - **worker-build**: a cross-platform build command for `workers-rs`-based projects. ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"2583","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"