base on :alarm_clock: :fire: A TCP proxy to simulate network and system conditions for chaos and resiliency testing # Toxiproxy [](https://github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy/releases/latest)   Toxiproxy is a framework for simulating network conditions. It's made specifically to work in testing, CI and development environments, supporting deterministic tampering with connections, but with support for randomized chaos and customization. **Toxiproxy is the tool you need to prove with tests that your application doesn't have single points of failure.** We've been successfully using it in all development and test environments at Shopify since October, 2014. See our [blog post][blog] on resiliency for more information. Toxiproxy usage consists of two parts. A TCP proxy written in Go (what this repository contains) and a client communicating with the proxy over HTTP. You configure your application to make all test connections go through Toxiproxy and can then manipulate their health via HTTP. See [Usage](#usage) below on how to set up your project. For example, to add 1000ms of latency to the response of MySQL from the [Ruby client](https://github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy-ruby): ```ruby Toxiproxy[:mysql_master].downstream(:latency, latency: 1000).apply do Shop.first # this takes at least 1s end ``` To take down all Redis instances: ```ruby Toxiproxy[/redis/].down do Shop.first # this will throw an exception end ``` While the examples in this README are currently in Ruby, there's nothing stopping you from creating a client in any other language (see [Clients](#clients)). ## Table of Contents - [Toxiproxy](#toxiproxy) - [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents) - [Why yet another chaotic TCP proxy?](#why-yet-another-chaotic-tcp-proxy) - [Clients](#clients) - [Example](#example) - [Usage](#usage) - [1. Installing Toxiproxy](#1-installing-toxiproxy) - [Upgrading from Toxiproxy 1.x](#upgrading-from-toxiproxy-1x) - [2. Populating Toxiproxy](#2-populating-toxiproxy) - [3. Using Toxiproxy](#3-using-toxiproxy) - [4. Logging](#4-logging) - [Toxics](#toxics) - [latency](#latency) - [down](#down) - [bandwidth](#bandwidth) - [slow_close](#slow_close) - [timeout](#timeout) - [reset_peer](#reset_peer) - [slicer](#slicer) - [limit_data](#limit_data) - [HTTP API](#http-api) - [Proxy fields:](#proxy-fields) - [Toxic fields:](#toxic-fields) - [Endpoints](#endpoints) - [Populating Proxies](#populating-proxies) - [CLI Example](#cli-example) - [Metrics](#metrics) - [Frequently Asked Questions](#frequently-asked-questions) - [Development](#development) - [Release](#release) ## Why yet another chaotic TCP proxy? The existing ones we found didn't provide the kind of dynamic API we needed for integration and unit testing. Linux tools like `nc` and so on are not cross-platform and require root, which makes them problematic in test, development and CI environments. ## Clients * [toxiproxy-ruby](https://github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy-ruby) * [toxiproxy-go](https://github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy/tree/main/client) * [toxiproxy-python](https://github.com/douglas/toxiproxy-python) * [toxiproxy.net](https://github.com/mdevilliers/Toxiproxy.Net) * [toxiproxy-php-client](https://github.com/ihsw/toxiproxy-php-client) * [toxiproxy-node-client](https://github.com/ihsw/toxiproxy-node-client) * [toxiproxy-java](https://github.com/trekawek/toxiproxy-java) * [toxiproxy-haskell](https://github.com/jpittis/toxiproxy-haskell) * [toxiproxy-rust](https://github.com/itarato/toxiproxy_rust) * [toxiproxy-elixir](https://github.com/Jcambass/toxiproxy_ex) ## Example Let's walk through an example with a Rails application. Note that Toxiproxy is in no way tied to Ruby, it's just been our first use case. You can see the full example at [sirupsen/toxiproxy-rails-example](https://github.com/sirupsen/toxiproxy-rails-example). To get started right away, jump down to [Usage](#usage). For our popular blog, for some reason we're storing the tags for our posts in Redis and the posts themselves in MySQL. We might have a `Post` class that includes some methods to manipulate tags in a [Redis set](http://redis.io/commands#set): ```ruby class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # Return an Array of all the tags. def tags TagRedis.smembers(tag_key) end # Add a tag to the post. def add_tag(tag) TagRedis.sadd(tag_key, tag) end # Remove a tag from the post. def remove_tag(tag) TagRedis.srem(tag_key, tag) end # Return the key in Redis for the set of tags for the post. def tag_key "post:tags:#{self.id}" end end ``` We've decided that erroring while writing to the tag data store (adding/removing) is OK. However, if the tag data store is down, we should be able to see the post with no tags. We could simply rescue the `Redis::CannotConnectError` around the `SMEMBERS` Redis call in the `tags` method. Let's use Toxiproxy to test that. Since we've already installed Toxiproxy and it's running on our machine, we can skip to step 2. This is where we need to make sure Toxiproxy has a mapping for Redis tags. To `config/boot.rb` (before any connection is made) we add: ```ruby require 'toxiproxy' Toxiproxy.populate([ { name: "toxiproxy_test_redis_tags", listen: "127.0.0.1:22222", upstream: "127.0.0.1:6379" } ]) ``` Then in `config/environments/test.rb` we set the `TagRedis` to be a Redis client that connects to Redis through Toxiproxy by adding this line: ```ruby TagRedis = Redis.new(port: 22222) ``` All calls in the test environment now go through Toxiproxy. That means we can add a unit test where we simulate a failure: ```ruby test "should return empty array when tag redis is down when listing tags" do @post.add_tag "mammals" # Take down all Redises in Toxiproxy Toxiproxy[/redis/].down do assert_equal [], @post.tags end end ``` The test fails with `Redis::CannotConnectError`. Perfect! Toxiproxy took down the Redis successfully for the duration of the closure. Let's fix the `tags` method to be resilient: ```ruby def tags TagRedis.smembers(tag_key) rescue Redis::CannotConnectError [] end ``` The tests pass! We now have a unit test that proves fetching the tags when Redis is down returns an empty array, instead of throwing an exception. For full coverage you should also write an integration test that wraps fetching the entire blog post page when Redis is down. Full example application is at [sirupsen/toxiproxy-rails-example](https://github.com/sirupsen/toxiproxy-rails-example). ## Usage Configuring a project to use Toxiproxy consists of three steps: 1. Installing Toxiproxy 2. Populating Toxiproxy 3. Using Toxiproxy ### 1. Installing Toxiproxy **Linux** See [`Releases`](https://github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy/releases) for the latest binaries and system packages for your architecture. **Ubuntu** ```bash $ wget -O toxiproxy-2.1.4.deb https://github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy/releases/download/v2.1.4/toxiproxy_2.1.4_amd64.deb $ sudo dpkg -i toxiproxy-2.1.4.deb $ sudo service toxiproxy start ``` **OS X** With [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/): ```bash $ brew tap shopify/shopify $ brew install toxiproxy ``` Or with [MacPorts](https://www.macports.org/): ```bash $ port install toxiproxy ``` **Windows** Toxiproxy for Windows is available for download at https://github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy/releases/download/v2.1.4/toxiproxy-server-windows-amd64.exe **Docker** Toxiproxy is available on [Github container registry](https://github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy/pkgs/container/toxiproxy). Old versions `<= 2.1.4` are available on on [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/shopify/toxiproxy/). ```bash $ docker pull ghcr.io/shopify/toxiproxy $ docker run --rm -it ghcr.io/shopify/toxiproxy ``` If using Toxiproxy from the host rather than other containers, enable host networking with `--net=host`. ```shell $ docker run --rm --entrypoint="/toxiproxy-cli" -it ghcr.io/shopify/toxiproxy list ``` **Source** If you have Go installed, you can build Toxiproxy from source using the make file: ```bash $ make build $ ./toxiproxy-server ``` #### Upgrading from Toxiproxy 1.x In Toxiproxy 2.0 several changes were made to the API that make it incompatible with version 1.x. In order to use version 2.x of the Toxiproxy server, you will need to make sure your client library supports the same version. You can check which version of Toxiproxy you are running by looking at the `/version` endpoint. See the documentation for your client library for specific library changes. Detailed changes for the Toxiproxy server can been found in [CHANGELOG.md](./CHANGELOG.md). ### 2. Populating Toxiproxy When your application boots, it needs to make sure that Toxiproxy knows which endpoints to proxy where. The main parameters are: name, address for Toxiproxy to **listen** on and the address of the upstream. Some client libraries have helpers for this task, which is essentially just making sure each proxy in a list is created. Example from the Ruby client: ```ruby # Make sure `shopify_test_redis_master` and `shopify_test_mysql_master` are # present in Toxiproxy Toxiproxy.populate([ { name: "shopify_test_redis_master", listen: "127.0.0.1:22220", upstream: "127.0.0.1:6379" }, { name: "shopify_test_mysql_master", listen: "127.0.0.1:24220", upstream: "127.0.0.1:3306" } ]) ``` This code needs to run as early in boot as possible, before any code establishes a connection through Toxiproxy. Please check your client library for documentation on the population helpers. Alternatively use the CLI to create proxies, e.g.: ```bash toxiproxy-cli create -l localhost:26379 -u localhost:6379 shopify_test_redis_master ``` We recommend a naming such as the above: `<app>_<env>_<data store>_<shard>`. This makes sure there are no clashes between applications using the same Toxiproxy. For large application we recommend storing the Toxiproxy configurations in a separate configuration file. We use `config/toxiproxy.json`. This file can be passed to the server using the `-config` option, or loaded by the application to use with the `populate` function. An example `config/toxiproxy.json`: ```json [ { "name": "web_dev_frontend_1", "listen": "[::]:18080", "upstream": "webapp.domain:8080", "enabled": true }, { "name": "web_dev_mysql_1", "listen": "[::]:13306", "upstream": "database.domain:3306", "enabled": true } ] ``` Use ports outside the ephemeral port range to avoid random port conflicts. It's `32,768` to `61,000` on Linux by default, see `/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range`. ### 3. Using Toxiproxy To use Toxiproxy, you now need to configure your application to connect through Toxiproxy. Continuing with our example from step two, we can configure our Redis client to connect through Toxiproxy: ```ruby # old straight to redis redis = Redis.new(port: 6380) # new through toxiproxy redis = Redis.new(port: 22220) ``` Now you can tamper with it through the Toxiproxy API. In Ruby: ```ruby redis = Redis.new(port: 22220) Toxiproxy[:shopify_test_redis_master].downstream(:latency, latency: 1000).apply do redis.get("test") # will take 1s end ``` Or via the CLI: ```bash toxiproxy-cli toxic add -t latency -a latency=1000 shopify_test_redis_master ``` Please consult your respective client library on usage. ### 4. Logging There are the following log levels: panic, fatal, error, warn or warning, info, debug and trace. The level could be updated via environment variable `LOG_LEVEL`. ### Toxics Toxics manipulate the pipe between the client and upstream. They can be added and removed from proxies using the [HTTP api](#http-api). Each toxic has its own parameters to change how it affects the proxy links. For documentation on implementing custom toxics, see [CREATING_TOXICS.md](./CREATING_TOXICS.md) #### latency Add a delay to all data going through the proxy. The delay is equal to `latency` +/- `jitter`. Attributes: - `latency`: time in milliseconds - `jitter`: time in milliseconds #### down Bringing a service down is not technically a toxic in the implementation of Toxiproxy. This is done by `POST`ing to `/proxies/{proxy}` and setting the `enabled` field to `false`. #### bandwidth Limit a connection to a maximum number of kilobytes per second. Attributes: - `rate`: rate in KB/s #### slow_close Delay the TCP socket from closing until `delay` has elapsed. Attributes: - `delay`: time in milliseconds #### timeout Stops all data from getting through, and closes the connection after `timeout`. If `timeout` is 0, the connection won't close, and data will be dropped until the toxic is removed. Attributes: - `timeout`: time in milliseconds #### reset_peer Simulate TCP RESET (Connection reset by peer) on the connections by closing the stub Input immediately or after a `timeout`. Attributes: - `timeout`: time in milliseconds #### slicer Slices TCP data up into small bits, optionally adding a delay between each sliced "packet". Attributes: - `average_size`: size in bytes of an average packet - `size_variation`: variation in bytes of an average packet (should be smaller than average_size) - `delay`: time in microseconds to delay each packet by #### limit_data Closes connection when transmitted data exceeded limit. - `bytes`: number of bytes it should transmit before connection is closed ### HTTP API All communication with the Toxiproxy daemon from the client happens through the HTTP interface, which is described here. Toxiproxy listens for HTTP on port **8474**. #### Proxy fields: - `name`: proxy name (string) - `listen`: listen address (string) - `upstream`: proxy upstream address (string) - `enabled`: true/false (defaults to true on creation) To change a proxy's name, it must be deleted and recreated. Changing the `listen` or `upstream` fields will restart the proxy and drop any active connections. If `listen` is specified with a port of 0, toxiproxy will pick an ephemeral port. The `listen` field in the response will be updated with the actual port. If you change `enabled` to `false`, it will take down the proxy. You can switch it back to `true` to reenable it. #### Toxic fields: - `name`: toxic name (string, defaults to `<type>_<stream>`) - `type`: toxic type (string) - `stream`: link direction to affect (defaults to `downstream`) - `toxicity`: probability of the toxic being applied to a link (defaults to 1.0, 100%) - `attributes`: a map of toxic-specific attributes See [Toxics](#toxics) for toxic-specific attributes. The `stream` direction must be either `upstream` or `downstream`. `upstream` applies the toxic on the `client -> server` connection, while `downstream` applies the toxic on the `server -> client` connection. This can be used to modify requests and responses separately. #### Endpoints All endpoints are JSON. - **GET /proxies** - List existing proxies and their toxics - **POST /proxies** - Create a new proxy - **POST /populate** - Create or replace a list of proxies - **GET /proxies/{proxy}** - Show the proxy with all its active toxics - **POST /proxies/{proxy}** - Update a proxy's fields - **DELETE /proxies/{proxy}** - Delete an existing proxy - **GET /proxies/{proxy}/toxics** - List active toxics - **POST /proxies/{proxy}/toxics** - Create a new toxic - **GET /proxies/{proxy}/toxics/{toxic}** - Get an active toxic's fields - **POST /proxies/{proxy}/toxics/{toxic}** - Update an active toxic - **DELETE /proxies/{proxy}/toxics/{toxic}** - Remove an active toxic - **POST /reset** - Enable all proxies and remove all active toxics - **GET /version** - Returns the server version number - **GET /metrics** - Returns Prometheus-compatible metrics #### Populating Proxies Proxies can be added and configured in bulk using the `/populate` endpoint. This is done by passing a json array of proxies to toxiproxy. If a proxy with the same name already exists, it will be compared to the new proxy and replaced if the `upstream` and `listen` address don't match. A `/populate` call can be included for example at application start to ensure all required proxies exist. It is safe to make this call several times, since proxies will be untouched as long as their fields are consistent with the new data. ### CLI Example ```bash $ toxiproxy-cli create -l localhost:26379 -u localhost:6379 redis Created new proxy redis $ toxiproxy-cli list Listen Upstream Name Enabled Toxics ====================================================================== 127.0.0.1:26379 localhost:6379 redis true None Hint: inspect toxics with `toxiproxy-client inspect <proxyName>` ``` ```bash $ redis-cli -p 26379 127.0.0.1:26379> SET omg pandas OK 127.0.0.1:26379> GET omg "pandas" ``` ```bash $ toxiproxy-cli toxic add -t latency -a latency=1000 redis Added downstream latency toxic 'latency_downstream' on proxy 'redis' ``` ```bash $ redis-cli -p 26379 127.0.0.1:26379> GET omg "pandas" (1.00s) 127.0.0.1:26379> DEL omg (integer) 1 (1.00s) ``` ```bash $ toxiproxy-cli toxic remove -n latency_downstream redis Removed toxic 'latency_downstream' on proxy 'redis' ``` ```bash $ redis-cli -p 26379 127.0.0.1:26379> GET omg (nil) ``` ```bash $ toxiproxy-cli delete redis Deleted proxy redis ``` ```bash $ redis-cli -p 26379 Could not connect to Redis at 127.0.0.1:26379: Connection refused ``` ### Metrics Toxiproxy exposes Prometheus-compatible metrics via its HTTP API at /metrics. See [METRICS.md](./METRICS.md) for full descriptions ### Frequently Asked Questions **How fast is Toxiproxy?** The speed of Toxiproxy depends largely on your hardware, but you can expect a latency of *< 100µs* when no toxics are enabled. When running with `GOMAXPROCS=4` on a Macbook Pro we achieved *~1000MB/s* throughput, and as high as *2400MB/s* on a higher end desktop. Basically, you can expect Toxiproxy to move data around at least as fast the app you're testing. **Can Toxiproxy do randomized testing?** Many of the available toxics can be configured to have randomness, such as `jitter` in the `latency` toxic. There is also a global `toxicity` parameter that specifies the percentage of connections a toxic will affect. This is most useful for things like the `timeout` toxic, which would allow X% of connections to timeout. **I am not seeing my Toxiproxy actions reflected for MySQL**. MySQL will prefer the local Unix domain socket for some clients, no matter which port you pass it if the host is set to `localhost`. Configure your MySQL server to not create a socket, and use `127.0.0.1` as the host. Remember to remove the old socket after you restart the server. **Toxiproxy causes intermittent connection failures**. Use ports outside the ephemeral port range to avoid random port conflicts. It's `32,768` to `61,000` on Linux by default, see `/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range`. **Should I run a Toxiproxy for each application?** No, we recommend using the same Toxiproxy for all applications. To distinguish between services we recommend naming your proxies with the scheme: `<app>_<env>_<data store>_<shard>`. For example, `shopify_test_redis_master` or `shopify_development_mysql_1`. ### Development * `make`. Build a toxiproxy development binary for the current platform. * `make all`. Build Toxiproxy binaries and packages for all platforms. Requires to have Go compiled with cross compilation enabled on Linux and Darwin (amd64) as well as [`goreleaser`](https://goreleaser.com/) in your `$PATH` to build binaries the Linux package. * `make test`. Run the Toxiproxy tests. ### Release See [RELEASE.md](./RELEASE.md) [blog]: https://shopify.engineering/building-and-testing-resilient-ruby-on-rails-applications ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"2730","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"