base on Simple, fast, safe, compiled language for developing maintainable software. Compiles itself in <1s with zero library dependencies. Supports automatic C => V translation. https://vlang.io <div align="center" style="display:grid;place-items:center;"> <p> <a href="https://vlang.io/" target="_blank"><img width="80" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vlang/v-logo/master/dist/v-logo.svg?sanitize=true" alt="V logo"></a> </p> <h1>The V Programming Language</h1> [vlang.io](https://vlang.io) | [Docs](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md) | [Changelog](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) | [Speed](https://fast.vlang.io/) | [Contributing & compiler design](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) </div> <div align="center" style="display:grid;place-items:center;"> <!-- [![Build Status][WorkflowBadge]][WorkflowUrl] --> [![Sponsor][SponsorBadge]][SponsorUrl] [![Patreon][PatreonBadge]][PatreonUrl] [![Discord][DiscordBadge]][DiscordUrl] [![X][XBadge]][XUrl] [![Modules][ModulesBadge]][ModulesUrl] </div> ## Key Features of V - Simplicity: the language can be learned over the course of a weekend - Fast compilation: ≈110k loc/s with a Clang backend, ≈500k loc/s with native and tcc backends *(Intel i5-7500, SSD, no optimization)* ([demo video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvP6wmcl_Sc)) - Easy to develop: V compiles itself in less than a second - Performance: as fast as C (V's main backend compiles to human-readable C) - Safety: no null, no globals, no undefined behavior (wip), immutability by default - C to V translation ([Translating DOOM demo video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oXrz3oRoEg)) - Hot code reloading - [Flexible memory management](https://vlang.io/#memory). GC by default, manual via `v -gc none`, arena allocation via `v -prealloc`, autofree via `v -autofree` ([autofree demo video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmB8ea8uLsM)). - [Cross-platform UI library](https://github.com/vlang/ui) - Built-in graphics library - Easy cross-compilation - REPL - [Built-in ORM](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md#orm) - [Built-in web framework](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/vlib/veb/README.md) - C and JavaScript backends - Great for writing low-level software ([Vinix OS](https://github.com/vlang/vinix)) ## Stability, future changes, post 1.0 freeze Despite being at an early development stage, the V language is relatively stable, and doesn't change often. But there will be changes before 1.0. Most changes in the syntax are handled via vfmt automatically. The V core APIs (primarily the `os` module) will also have minor changes until they are stabilized in V 1.0. Of course, the APIs will grow after that, but without breaking existing code. After the 1.0 release V is going to be in the "feature freeze" mode. That means no breaking changes in the language, only bug fixes and performance improvements. Similar to Go. Will there be V 2.0? Not within a decade after 1.0, perhaps not ever. To sum it up, unlike many other languages, V is not going to be always changing, with new features introduced and old features modified. It is always going to be a small and simple language, very similar to the way it is right now. ## Installing V from source --> **_(this is the preferred method)_** ### Linux, macOS, Windows, \*BSD, Solaris, WSL, etc. Usually, installing V is quite simple if you have an environment that already has a functional `git` installation. Note: On Windows, run `make.bat` instead of `make` in CMD, or `./make.bat` in PowerShell. Note: On Ubuntu/Debian, you may need to run `sudo apt install git build-essential make` first. To get started, execute the following in your terminal/shell: ```bash git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/vlang/v cd v make ``` That should be it, and you should find your V executable at `[path to V repo]/v`. `[path to V repo]` can be anywhere. (Like the note above says, on Windows, use `make.bat`, instead of `make`.) Now try running `./v run examples/hello_world.v` (or `v run examples/hello_world.v` in cmd shell). - *Trouble? Please see the notes above, and link to [Installation Issues](https://github.com/vlang/v/discussions/categories/installation-issues) for help.* Note: V is being constantly updated. To update V to its latest version, simply run: ```bash v up ``` > [!NOTE] > If you run into any trouble, or you have a different operating > system or Linux distribution that doesn't install or work immediately, please see > [Installation Issues](https://github.com/vlang/v/discussions/categories/installation-issues) > and search for your OS and problem. > > If you can't find your problem, please add it to an existing discussion if one exists for > your OS, or create a new one if a main discussion doesn't yet exist for your OS. ### C compiler The [Tiny C Compiler (tcc)](https://repo.or.cz/w/tinycc.git) is downloaded for you by `make` if there is a compatible version for your system, and installed under the V `thirdparty` directory. This compiler is very fast, but does almost no optimizations. It is best for development builds. For production builds (using the `-prod` option to V), it's recommended to use clang, gcc, or Microsoft Visual C++. If you are doing development, you most likely already have one of those installed. Otherwise, follow these instructions: - [Installing a C compiler on Linux and macOS](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Installing-a-C-compiler-on-Linux-and-macOS) - [Installing a C compiler on Windows](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Installing-a-C-compiler-on-Windows) ### Symlinking > [!NOTE] > It is *highly recommended*, that you put V on your PATH. That saves > you the effort to type in the full path to your v executable every time. > V provides a convenience `v symlink` command to do that more easily. On Unix systems, it creates a `/usr/local/bin/v` symlink to your executable. To do that, run: ```bash sudo ./v symlink ``` On Windows, start a new shell with administrative privileges, for example by pressing the <kbd>Windows Key</kbd>, then type `cmd.exe`, right-click on its menu entry, and choose `Run as administrator`. In the new administrative shell, cd to the path where you have compiled V, then type: ```bat v symlink ``` (or `./v symlink` in PowerShell) That will make V available everywhere, by adding it to your PATH. Please restart your shell/editor after that, so that it can pick up the new PATH variable. > [!NOTE] > There is no need to run `v symlink` more than once - v will still be available, even after > `v up`, restarts, and so on. You only need to run it again if you decide to move the V repo > folder somewhere else. ### Void Linux <details><summary>Expand Void Linux instructions</summary> ```bash # xbps-install -Su base-devel # xbps-install libatomic-devel $ git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/vlang/v $ cd v $ make ``` </details> ### Docker ```bash git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/vlang/v cd v docker build -t vlang . docker run --rm -it vlang:latest ``` ### Docker with Alpine/musl ```bash git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/vlang/v cd v docker build -t vlang_alpine - < Dockerfile.alpine alias with_alpine='docker run -u 1000:1000 --rm -it -v .:/src -w /src vlang_alpine:latest' ``` Compiling *static* executables, ready to be copied to a server, that is running another linux distro, without dependencies: ```bash with_alpine v -skip-unused -prod -cc gcc -cflags -static -compress examples/http_server.v with_alpine v -skip-unused -prod -cc gcc -cflags -static -compress -gc none examples/hello_world.v ls -la examples/http_server examples/hello_world file examples/http_server examples/hello_world examples/http_server: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, no section header examples/hello_world: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, no section header ``` You should see something like this: ``` -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 16612 May 27 17:07 examples/hello_world -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 335308 May 27 17:07 examples/http_server ``` ### Termux/Android On Termux, V needs some packages preinstalled - a working C compiler, also `libexecinfo`, `libgc` and `libgc-static`. After installing them, you can use the same script, like on Linux/macos: ```bash pkg install clang libexecinfo libgc libgc-static make git git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/vlang/v cd v make ``` ## Editor/IDE Plugins To bring IDE functions for the V programming languages to your editor, check out [v-analyzer](https://github.com/vlang/v-analyzer). It provides a [VS Code extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=VOSCA.vscode-v-analyzer) and language server capabilities for other editors. The plugin for JetBrains IDEs (IntelliJ, CLion, GoLand, etc.) also offers a great development experience with V. You can find all features in [its documentation](https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/20287-vlang/docs/syntax-highlighting.html). Other Plugins: - [Vim plugins](https://github.com/vlang/awesome-v#vim) - [Emacs plugins](https://github.com/vlang/awesome-v#emacs) - [Sublime Text 3 plugins](https://github.com/vlang/awesome-v#sublime-text-3) - [Atom plugins](https://github.com/vlang/awesome-v#atom) ## Testing and running the examples Make sure V can compile itself: ```bash $ v self $ v V 0.3.x Use Ctrl-C or `exit` to exit >>> println('hello world') hello world >>> ``` ```bash cd examples v hello_world.v && ./hello_world # or simply v run hello_world.v # this builds the program and runs it right away v run word_counter/word_counter.v word_counter/cinderella.txt v run news_fetcher.v v run tetris/tetris.v ``` <img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vlang/v/master/examples/tetris/screenshot.png' width=300 alt='tetris screenshot'> In order to build Tetris or 2048 (or anything else using `sokol` or `gg` graphics modules), you will need additional development libraries for your system. | System | Installation method | |---------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Debian/Ubuntu based | `sudo apt install libxi-dev libxcursor-dev libgl-dev libasound2-dev` | | Fedora/RH/CentOS | `sudo dnf install libXcursor-devel libXi-devel libX11-devel libglvnd-devel` | | NixOS | add `xorg.libX11.dev xorg.libXcursor.dev xorg.libXi.dev libGL.dev` to `environment.systemPackages` | ## V net.http, net.websocket, `v install` The net.http module, the net.websocket module, and the `v install` command may all use SSL. V comes with a version of mbedtls, which should work on all systems. If you find a need to use OpenSSL instead, you will need to make sure that it is installed on your system, then use the `-d use_openssl` switch when you compile. To install OpenSSL on non-Windows systems: | System | Installation command | |---------------------|----------------------------------| | macOS | `brew install openssl` | | Debian/Ubuntu based | `sudo apt install libssl-dev` | | Arch/Manjaro | openssl is installed by default | | Fedora/CentOS/RH | `sudo dnf install openssl-devel` | On Windows, OpenSSL is simply hard to get working correctly. The instructions [here](https://tecadmin.net/install-openssl-on-windows/) may (or may not) help. ## V sync V's `sync` module and channel implementation uses libatomic. It is most likely already installed on your system, but if not, you can install it, by doing the following: | System | Installation command | |---------------------|-------------------------------------| | macOS | already installed | | Debian/Ubuntu based | `sudo apt install libatomic1` | | Fedora/CentOS/RH | `sudo dnf install libatomic-static` | ## V UI <a href="https://github.com/vlang/ui"> <img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vlang/ui/master/examples/screenshot.png' width=712 alt='V UI example screenshot'> </a> https://github.com/vlang/ui <!--- ## JavaScript backend [examples/js_hello_world.v](examples/js_hello_world.v): ```v fn main() { for i in 0 .. 3 { println('Hello from V.js') } } ``` ```bash v -o hi.js examples/js_hello_world.v && node hi.js Hello from V.js Hello from V.js Hello from V.js ``` --> ## Android graphical apps With V's `vab` tool, building V UI and graphical apps for Android can become as easy as: ``` ./vab /path/to/v/examples/2048 ``` [https://github.com/vlang/vab](https://github.com/vlang/vab). <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/768942/107622846-c13f3900-6c58-11eb-8a66-55db12979b73.png" alt="vab examples screenshot"> ## Developing web applications Check out the [Building a simple web blog](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/tutorials/building_a_simple_web_blog_with_vweb/README.md) tutorial and Gitly, a light and fast alternative to GitHub/GitLab: https://github.com/vlang/gitly <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/687996/85933714-b195fe80-b8da-11ea-9ddd-09cadc2103e4.png" alt="gitly screenshot"> ## Vinix, an OS/kernel written in V V is great for writing low-level software like drivers and kernels. Vinix is an OS/kernel that already runs bash, GCC, V, and nano. https://github.com/vlang/vinix <img src="https://github.com/vlang/vinix/blob/main/screenshot0.png?raw=true" alt="vinix screenshot 1"> <img src="https://github.com/vlang/vinix/blob/main/screenshot1.png?raw=true" alt="vinix screenshot 2"> ## Acknowledgement V thanks Fabrice Bellard for his original work on the [TCC - Tiny C Compiler](https://bellard.org/tcc/). Note the TCC website is old; the current TCC repository can be found [here](https://repo.or.cz/w/tinycc.git). V utilizes pre-built TCC binaries located at [https://github.com/vlang/tccbin/](https://github.com/vlang/tccbin/). ## Troubleshooting Please see the [Troubleshooting](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Troubleshooting) section on our [wiki page](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki). [WorkflowBadge]: https://github.com/vlang/v/workflows/CI/badge.svg [DiscordBadge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/592103645835821068?label=Discord&logo=discord&logoColor=white [PatreonBadge]: https://img.shields.io/endpoint.svg?url=https%3A%2F%2Fshieldsio-patreon.vercel.app%2Fapi%3Fusername%3Dvlang%26type%3Dpatrons&style=flat [SponsorBadge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/medvednikov?style=flat&logo=github&logoColor=white [XBadge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/follow-%40v__language-1DA1F2?logo=x&style=flat&logoColor=white [ModulesBadge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/modules-reference-027d9c?logo=v&logoColor=white&logoWidth=10 [WorkflowUrl]: https://github.com/vlang/v/commits/master [DiscordUrl]: https://discord.gg/vlang [PatreonUrl]: https://patreon.com/vlang [SponsorUrl]: https://github.com/sponsors/medvednikov [XUrl]: https://x.com/v_language [ModulesUrl]: https://modules.vlang.io ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"3125","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"