base on build-once run-anywhere c library  [](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/actions/workflows/build.yml) # Cosmopolitan [Cosmopolitan Libc](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/index.html) makes C a build-once run-anywhere language, like Java, except it doesn't need an interpreter or virtual machine. Instead, it reconfigures stock GCC and Clang to output a POSIX-approved polyglot format that runs natively on Linux + Mac + Windows + FreeBSD + OpenBSD 7.3 + NetBSD + BIOS with the best possible performance and the tiniest footprint imaginable. ## Background For an introduction to this project, please read the [actually portable executable](https://justine.lol/ape.html) blog post and [cosmopolitan libc](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/index.html) website. We also have [API documentation](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/documentation.html). ## Getting Started You can start by obtaining a release of our `cosmocc` compiler from <https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmocc/>. ```sh mkdir -p cosmocc cd cosmocc wget https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmocc/cosmocc.zip unzip cosmocc.zip ``` Here's an example program we can write: ```c // hello.c #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("hello world\n"); } ``` It can be compiled as follows: ```sh cosmocc -o hello hello.c ./hello ``` The Cosmopolitan Libc runtime links some heavyweight troubleshooting features by default, which are very useful for developers and admins. Here's how you can log system calls: ```sh ./hello --strace ``` Here's how you can get a much more verbose log of function calls: ```sh ./hello --ftrace ``` You can use the Cosmopolitan's toolchain to build conventional open source projects which use autotools. This strategy normally works: ```sh export CC=x86_64-unknown-cosmo-cc export CXX=x86_64-unknown-cosmo-c++ ./configure --prefix=/opt/cosmos/x86_64 make -j make install ``` ## Cosmopolitan Source Builds Cosmopolitan can be compiled from source on any of our supported platforms. The Makefile will download cosmocc automatically. It's recommended that you install a systemwide APE Loader. This command requires `sudo` access to copy the `ape` command to a system folder and register with binfmt_misc on Linux, for even more performance. ```sh ape/apeinstall.sh ``` You can now build the mono repo with any modern version of GNU Make. To make life easier, we've included one in the cosmocc toolchain, which is guaranteed to be compatible and furthermore includes our extensions for doing build system sandboxing. ```sh build/bootstrap/make -j8 o//examples/hello ``` Since the Cosmopolitan repository is very large, you might only want to build one particular thing. Here's an example of a target that can be compiled relatively quickly, which is a simple POSIX test that only depends on core LIBC packages. ```sh rm -rf o//libc o//test build/bootstrap/make o//test/posix/signal_test o//test/posix/signal_test ``` Sometimes it's desirable to build a subset of targets, without having to list out each individual one. For example if you wanted to build and run all the unit tests in the `TEST_POSIX` package, you could say: ```sh build/bootstrap/make o//test/posix ``` Cosmopolitan provides a variety of build modes. For example, if you want really tiny binaries (as small as 12kb in size) then you'd say: ```sh build/bootstrap/make m=tiny ``` You can furthermore cut out the bloat of other operating systems, and have Cosmopolitan become much more similar to Musl Libc. ```sh build/bootstrap/make m=tinylinux ``` For further details, see [//build/config.mk](build/config.mk). ## Debugging To print a log of system calls to stderr: ```sh cosmocc -o hello hello.c ./hello --strace ``` To print a log of function calls to stderr: ```sh cosmocc -o hello hello.c ./hello --ftrace ``` Both strace and ftrace use the unbreakable kprintf() facility, which is able to be sent to a file by setting an environment variable. ```sh export KPRINTF_LOG=log ./hello --strace ``` ## GDB Here's the recommended `~/.gdbinit` config: ```gdb set host-charset UTF-8 set target-charset UTF-8 set target-wide-charset UTF-8 set osabi none set complaints 0 set confirm off set history save on set history filename ~/.gdb_history define asm layout asm layout reg end define src layout src layout reg end src ``` You normally run the `.dbg` file under gdb. If you need to debug the `` file itself, then you can load the debug symbols independently as ```sh gdb foo -ex 'add-symbol-file foo.dbg 0x401000' ``` ## Platform Notes ### Shells If you use zsh and have trouble running APE programs try `sh -c ./prog` or simply upgrade to zsh 5.9+ (since we patched it two years ago). The same is the case for Python `subprocess`, old versions of fish, etc. ### Linux Some Linux systems are configured to launch MZ executables under WINE. Other distros configure their stock installs so that APE programs will print "run-detectors: unable to find an interpreter". For example: ```sh jart@ubuntu:~$ wget https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/dash jart@ubuntu:~$ chmod +x dash jart@ubuntu:~$ ./dash run-detectors: unable to find an interpreter for ./dash ``` You can fix that by registering APE with `binfmt_misc`: ```sh sudo wget -O /usr/bin/ape https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/ape-$(uname -m).elf sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/ape sudo sh -c "echo ':APE:M::MZqFpD::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register" sudo sh -c "echo ':APE-jart:M::jartsr::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register" ``` You should be good now. APE will not only work, it'll launch executables 400µs faster now too. However if things still didn't work out, it's also possible to disable `binfmt_misc` as follows: ```sh sudo sh -c 'echo -1 > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/cli' # remove Ubuntu's MZ interpreter sudo sh -c 'echo -1 > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status' # remove ALL binfmt_misc entries ``` ### WSL It's normally unsafe to use APE in a WSL environment, because it tries to run MZ executables as WIN32 binaries within the WSL environment. In order to make it safe to use Cosmopolitan software on WSL, run this: ```sh sudo sh -c "echo -1 > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/WSLInterop" ``` ## Discord Chatroom The Cosmopolitan development team collaborates on the Redbean Discord server. You're welcome to join us! <https://discord.gg/FwAVVu7eJ4> ## Support Vector | Platform | Min Version | Circa | | :--- | ---: | ---: | | AMD | K8 | 2003 | | Intel | Core | 2006 | | Linux | 2.6.18 | 2007 | | Windows | 8 [1] | 2012 | | Darwin (macOS) | 23.1.0+ | 2023 | | OpenBSD | 7.3 or earlier | 2023 | | FreeBSD | 13 | 2020 | | NetBSD | 9.2 | 2021 | [1] See our [vista branch](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/tree/vista) for a community supported version of Cosmopolitan that works on Windows Vista and Windows 7. ## Special Thanks Funding for this project is crowdsourced using [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/jart) and [Patreon](https://www.patreon.com/jart). Your support is what makes this project possible. Thank you! We'd also like to give special thanks to the following groups and individuals: - [Joe Drumgoole](https://github.com/jdrumgoole) - [Rob Figueiredo](https://github.com/robfig) - [Wasmer](https://wasmer.io/) For publicly sponsoring our work at the highest tier. ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"4431","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"