base on Modern C++ Programming Course (C++03/11/14/17/20/23/26) # Modern C++ Programming <p align="center"> <img src="other/cpp_logo.png" /> </p> <p align="center"> <a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/releases" alt="Release"> <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge"/> </a> </p> <p align="center"> <a alt="Stars"> <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/stars/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge"/> </a> <a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/network/members" alt="Forks"> <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/forks/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge"/> </a> </p> <p align="center"> <a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/commits/master" alt="Commits"> <img src="https://badgen.net/github/commits/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge&scale=1.2"/> </a> </p> <p align="center"> <a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/issues" alt="Issues"> <img src="https://badgen.net/github/closed-issues/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=for-the-badge&scale=1.2"/> </a> </p> ## C++03 / C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / C++20 / C++23 / C++26 This *open-access* course is directed at those who are already familiar with C and object-oriented programming aiming for a proficiency level of C++ programming. The course covers the basics of C++ programming and moves on to advanced C++ semantics and concepts. **Key features**: - *Free and frequently updated* - *29 lectures, 2000+ slides* - Includes the *latest language standard* concepts and features - *Practical teaching*: non-verbose, short structured descriptions associated with code - *Minimal code examples* for showing just a specific feature or issue without digressing - *Complementary language aspects*: tools, coding conventions, project organization, and code optimization - *Experience-based*: many aspects, examples, and problems come from real-world cases faced during my work as a software engineer *If you enjoy the course or you find it useful*, please add a **Star** [](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming) **Roadmap**: 1. Move from Latex to [Typst](https://typst.app/). 2. Fully-open source the material and allow direct contribution. ## Table of Contents - [Chapters](#chapters) - [Topics in Details](#topics-in-details) - [Reporting Bugs 🐛 and Contributing](#reporting-bugs--and-contributing) - [Where the Course has been used](#where-the-course-has-been-used) - [License](#license) - [Author](#author) ## CHAPTERS | # | TITLE | MAIN FOCUS | | ------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **1** | [**Introduction**](01.Introduction.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/01.Introduction.html)) | History of C/C++, Areas of applications, Course introduction | | **2** | [**Preparation**](02.Preparation.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/02.Preparation.html)) | Books, How to compile, Hello world | | **3** | [**Basic Concepts I**](03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/03.Basic_Concepts_I.html)) | Type System, Fundamental types, and Operators | | **4** | [**Basic Concepts II**](04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/04.Basic_Concepts_II.html)) | Integral types and arithmetic | | **5** | [**Basic Concepts III**](05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/05.Basic_Concepts_III.html)) | Floating-point types and arithmetic | | **6** | [**Basic Concepts IV**](06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.html)) | Entities, Enumerators, Structures, Control flow statements | | **7** | [**Basic Concepts V**](07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/07.Basic_Concepts_V.html)) | Heap, Stack, Pointers, References, Const properties, Conversion operators | | **8** | [**Basic Concepts VI**](08.Basic_Concepts_VI.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/08.Basic_Concepts_VI.html)) | Functions, Lambda expressions, Preprocessing directives | | **9** | [**Object-Oriented Programming I**](09.Object_Oriented_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/09.Object_Oriented_I.html)) | Class hierarchy, Constructor, Destructor, Class keywords | | **10** | [**Object Oriented Programming II**](10.Object_Oriented_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/10.Object_Oriented_II.html)) | Polymorphism, Operators overloading | | **11** | [**Templates and Meta-programming I**](11.Templates_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/11.Templates_I.html)) | Function template, Type traits, Compile-time utilities | | **12** | [**Templates and Meta-programming II**](12.Templates_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/12.Templates_II.html)) | Class template, SFINAE | | **13** | [**Translation Units I**](13.Translation_Units_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/13.Translation_Units_I.html)) | Linkage and One Definition Rule | | **14** | [**Translation Units II**](14.Translation_Units_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/14.Translation_Units_II.html)) | Dealing with multiple translation units and files,`#include`, Modules | | **15** | [**Code Conventions I**](15.Code_Convention_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/15.Code_Convention_I.html)) | Project organization, Code conventions intro, Entities conventions | | **16** | [**Code Conventions II**](16.Code_Convention_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/16.Code_Convention_II.html)) | Template, Namespace, Modern C++, Maintainability, Naming, and Formatting conventions | | **17** | [**Debugging and Testing**](17.Debugging.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/17.Debugging.html)) | Execution/memory debugging, Sanitizers, Hardening techniques, Unit tests, Test-Driven Development | | **18** | [**Ecosystem**](18.Ecosystem.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/18.Ecosystem.html)) | Cmake, Documenting, and Other Tools | | **19** | [**Utilities**](19.Utilities.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/19.Utilities.html)) | Main `std` libraries | | **20** | [**Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms**](20.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/20.Iterators_Containers_Alg.html)) | Containers, Iterators, Algorithms, Ranges | | **21** | [**Advanced Topics I**](21.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/21.Advanced_Topics_I.html)) | Move semantics, Universal reference, Type deduction | | **22** | [**Advanced Topics II**](22.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/22.Advanced_Topics_II.html)) | Error handling, C++ idioms, Smart pointers | | **23** | [**Performance Optimizations I**](23.Optimization_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/23.Optimization_I.html)) | Amdahl's Law, Performance bounds, Architecture concepts (ILP, SIMD, etc.), Memory hierarchy | | **24** | [**Performance Optimizations II**](24.Optimization_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/24.Optimization_II.html)) | Arithmetic optimizations, Memory optimizations, etc. | | **25** | [**Performance Optimizations III**](25.Optimization_III.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/25.Optimization_III.html)) | Compiler optimizations, Profiling, Benchmarking tools | | **26** | [**Software Design I**](26.Software_Design_I.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/26.Software_Design_I.html)) | Basic Concepts, Principles, Use cases | | **27** | [**Software Design II**](27.Software_Design_II.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/27.Software_Design_II.html)) | Design Patterns and Idioms | | **28** | [**Binary Size**](28.Binary_Size.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/28.Binary_Size.html)) | Binary size aspects | | **29** | [**Build Time**](29.Build_time.pdf) ([html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/29.Build_time.html)) | Build time aspects | ***ALL-IN-ONE BOOK***: [**modern-cpp.pdf**](modern-cpp.pdf) (could be a few commits behind), [html](https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/modern-cpp.html) ## TOPICS IN DETAILS **[1. Introduction](01.Introduction.pdf)** * **A Little History of C/C++ Programming Languages**. * **Areas of Application and Popularity**. * **C++ Philosophy**. * **C++ Weakness**: C++ alternatives, Why switching to a new language is hard?. * **The Course**. **[2. Preparation](02.Preparation.pdf)** - **Books and References**. - **Slide Legend**. - **What Editor/ IDE/Compiler Should I Use?**. - **How to compile?**. - **Hello World**: I/O Stream. **[3. Basic Concepts I - Type System, Fundamental Types, and Operators](03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)** * **The C++ Type System**: Type categories, Type properties. * **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic types, Non-standard arithmetic types, `void` type, `nullptr`. * **`auto` Keyword**. * **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement semantic, Assignment, compound, and comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>`. **[4. Basic Concepts II - Integral Types](04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)** * **Integral Data Types**: Suffix and Prefix, Fixed width integers, `size_t`, `ptrdiff_t`, `uintptr_t`. * **Arithmetic Operation Semantics**: Saturation Arithmetic. * **Integer Undefined behavior**: Signed overflow, Other cases. * **Integer Conversion Rules**: Same size conversion, Integer conversion rule, Arithmetic operation promotion rules, Safe comparison functions, Arithmetic operation special cases. **[5. Basic Concepts III - Floating-point Types](05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)** * **Floating-point Types**: Suffix, IEEE Floating-point standard and other representations, Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (`NaN`), Machine Epsilon, Units at the Last Place (ULP), Cheatsheet, Limits and useful functions, Arithmetic properties, Special values behavior, Undefined behavior, Detect floating-point errors. * **Floating-point Issues**: Catastrophic cancellation, Floating-point comparison. **[6. Basic Concepts IV - Entities and Control Flow](06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)** * **Entities**. * **Declaration and Definition**. * **Enumerators**. * **`struct`, Bitfield, `union`**: `struct`, Anonymous and unnamed `struct`, Bitfield, `union`. * **Control Flow**: `if` statement, `for` and `while` loops, Range-based `for` loop, `switch`, Initializing statement, `goto`, Avoid unused variable warning. * **Namespace**: Explicit global namespace, namespace alias, `using`-declaration, `using namespace`-directive, `inline` namespace. * **Attributes**: `[[nodiscard]]`, `[[indeterminate]]`, `[[maybe_unused]]`, `[[deprecated]]`, `[[noreturn]]`. **[7. Basic Concepts V - Memory Concepts](07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf)** * **Pointers**: Pointer operations, Address-of operator `&`, `struct` member access, `void` pointer, Pointer conversion, Pointer arithmetic, Wild and dangling pointers. * **Fixed-size Array**. * **References**. * **Heap and Stack**: Stack memory, `new`, `delete`, Non-allocating placement allocation, Non-throwing allocation, Memory leak. * **Initialization**: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Array initialization, Structure initialization, Structure binding, Dynamic memory initialization. * **`Const` and Constant Expressions**: Constants and literals, `const`, `constexpr`, `constexpr` Variables, `constexpr` Functions, `constexpr` objects, `consteval`, `constinit`. * **Conditional Constant Expressions**: * `if constexpr`, `std::is constant evaluated()`, `if consteval`. * **`volatile` Keyword**. * **Explicit Type Conversion**: `static_cast`, `const_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, Type punning, `std::bit_cast`, Uniform initialization conversion, `gls::narrow_cast`. * **`sizeof` and `alignof` Operators**: `sizeof`, `alignof`, `sizeof/alignof` operator applied to `struct`, `[[no_unique_address]]`. **[8. Basic Concepts VI - Functions and Preprocessing](08.Basic_Concepts_VI.pdf)** * **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Function signature and overloading, Overloading and `=delete`, Default parameters. * **Function Pointer and Function Objects**. * **Lambda Expressions**: Capture list, Lambda expression and function relation, Parameter notes, Composability, Recursion, `constexpr/consteval`, `template`, `mutable`, Capture list and classes. * **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Source location macros, Conditional compiling macros, Stringizing operator (`#`), `#error` and `#warning`, `#pragma`, Token-pasting operator `##`, Variadic macro. **[9. Object-Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts](09.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)** * **C++ Classes**: RAII idiom. * **Class Hierarchy**. * **Access specifiers**: Inheritance access specifiers, When use `public/protected/private` for data members?. * **Class Constructor**: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization for objects, Delegate constructor, `explicit` keyword. * **Copy Constructor**. * **Class Destructor**. * **Defaulted Constructors, Destructor, and Operators (`= default`)**. * **Class Keywords**: `this`, `static`, `const`, `mutable`, `using`, `friend`, `delete`. **[10. Object-Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading](10.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)** * **Polymorphism**: C++ mechanisms for polymorphism, `virtual` methods, Virtual table, `override` keyword, `final` keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface. * **Inheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification**. * **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>`, Subscript operator `[]`, Multidimensional subscript operator `[]`, Function call operator `()`, static operator `[]` and operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator notes. * **C++ Object Layout**: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy. **[11. Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities](11.Templates_I.pdf)** * **Function Template**: Overview, Template instantiation, Template parameters, Template parameter - default value, Overloading, Specialization. * **Template Variable**. * **Template Parameter Types**: Generic type notes, `auto` placeholder, Function type. * **Compile-Time Utilities**: `static_assert`, `using` keyword, `decltype` keyword. * **Type Traits**: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation. **[12. Templates and Meta-programming II - Class Templates and SFINAE](12.Templates_II.pdf)** * **Class Template**: Class specialization, Class template constructor. * **Constructor template automatic deduction (CTAD)**. * **Class Template - Advanced Concepts**: Class + Function - specialization, Dependent names - `typename` and `template` keywords, Class template hierarchy and `using`, `friend` keyword, Template template arguments. * **Template Meta-Programming**. * **SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error**: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE. * **Variadic Template**: Homogeneous variadic parameters, Folding expression, Variadic class template. * **C++20 Concepts**: Overview, `concept` keyword, `requires` clause, `requires` expression, `requires` expression + clause, `requires` clause + expression, `requires` and `constexpr`, Nested `requires`. * **Template Debugging**. **[13. Translation Units I - Linkage and One Definition Rule](13.Translation_Units_I.pdf)** * **Basic Concepts**: Translation unit, Local and global scope, Linkage, Visibility. * **Storage Class and Duration**: Storage duration, Storage class, `static` keyword, Anonymous namespace, `extern` keyword. * **Linkage of `const` and `constexpr`**: Static initialization order fiasco. * **Linkage Summary**. * **Dealing with Multiple Translation Units**: Class in multiple translation units. * **One Definition Rule (ODR)**: Global variable issues, ODR - Point 3, `inline` functions/variables, `constexpr` and `inline`. * **ODR - Function Template**: Cases, `extern` keyword. * **ODR - Class Template**: Cases, `extern` keyword. * **ODR Undefined Behavior and Summary**. **[14. Translation Units II - Include, Module, and Namespace](14.Translation_Units_II.pdf)** - **`#include` Issues**: Include guard, Forward declaration, Circular dependencies, Common linking errors. - **C++20 Modules**: Overview, Terminology, Visibility and reachability, Module unit types, Keywords, Global module fragment, Private module fragment, Header module unit, Module partitions. - **Compiling Multiple Translation Units**: Fundamental compiler flags, Compile methods. - **Libraries in C++**: Static library, Build static libraries, Using static libraries, Dynamic library, Build dynamic libraries, Using dynamic libraries, Application binary interface (ABI), Demangling, Find Dynamic library dependencies, Analyze object/executable symbols. **[15. Code Conventions I](15.Code_Convention_I.pdf)** * **C++ Project Organization**: Project directories, Project files, "Common" project organization notes, Alternative - "Canonical" project organization. * **Coding Styles and Conventions**: Overview, Popular coding styles. * **Header Files and `#include`**: `#include` guard, `#include` syntax, Order of `#include`, Common header/source filename conventions. * **Preprocessing**: Macro, Preprocessing statements. * **Variables**: `static` global variables, conversions. * **Enumerators**. * **Arithmetic Types**: Signed vs. unsigned integral types, integral types conversion, Integral types: size and other issues, Floating-point types. * **Functions**: Function parameters, Function arguments, function return values, Function specifiers, lambda expressions. * **Structs and Classes**: `struct` vs. `class`, Initialization, Braced initializer lists, Special member functions, `=default`, `=delete`, Other issues, Inheritance, Style. **[16. Code Conventions II](16.Code_Convention_II.pdf)** - **`auto`**. - **Templates and Type Deduction**. - **Control Flow**: Redundant control flow, `if/else`, Comparison, `switch`, `for/while`. - **Namespace**: `using namespace` directive, Anonymous/unnamed namespace, Namespace and class design, Style. - **Modern C++ Features**: Keywords, Features, Class, Library. - **Maintainability**: Code comprehension, Functions, Template and deduction, Library. - **Portability**. - **Naming**: Entities, Variables, Functions, Style conventions, Enforcing naming styles. - **Readability and Formatting**: Horizontal spacing, Pointers/References, Vertical spacing, Braces, Type decorators, Reduce code verbosity, Other issues. - **Code Documentation**: Function documentation, Comment syntax, File documentation. **[17. Debugging and Testing](17.Debugging.pdf)** * **Debugging Overview**: Errors, defects, and failures, Cost of software defects, Software defects classification,Program error and classification, Software defect analysis. * **Assertions**: Run-time assertions, Contracts, `std::stacktrace`. * **Execution debugging**: Breakpoints, Watchpoints / Catchpoints, Control flow, Stack and info, Print, Disassemble, `std::breakpoint`. * **Memory Debugging**: `valgrind`. * **Hardening Techniques**: Stack usage, Standard C library hardening, Standard C++ library hardening,Undefined behavior protections, Control flow protections. * **Sanitizers**: Address sanitizer, Leak sanitizer, Memory sanitizers, Undefined behavior sanitizer, Type Sanitizer, Sampling-based sanitizer. * **Debugging Summary**. * **Compiler Warnings**. * **Static Analysis**: Compiler-provided static analyzers, Open-source static analyzers, Proprietary static analyzers. * **Code Testing**: Unit testing, Test-Driven Development (TDD), Code coverage, Fuzz testing. * **Code Quality**: `clang-tidy`. * **Code Complexity**: Cyclomatic complexity, Cognitive complexity. **[18. Ecosystem - Cmake and Other Tools](18.Ecosystem.pdf)** - **CMake**: `cmake` and `ctest` - **Code Documentation**: `doxygen`, Alternatives. - **Online Tools**: AI-Powered code completion/IDE, Compilation and execution, Code transformation, Code benchmarking, Code search engine. - **Offline Tools**: Code formatting, Code statistics, AST diff, Project visualization, Local code search, AST search, Font for coding. **[19. Utilities](19.Utilities.pdf)** * **View Introduction and `std::span`**. * **`std::mdspan`**: `std::extends`, Layout, `std::layout_right`, `std::layout_left`, `std::layout_stride`, `std::layout_right_padded`, `std::layout_left_padded`, Accessor. * **Strings and `std::print`**: `std::string`, Conversion from/to numeric values, `std::string_view`, `std::format`, `std::print`. * **Math Libraries**: `<cmath>` Math Library, `<limits>` Numerical Limits, `<numbers>` Mathematical Constants. * **Random Number**: Basic concepts, C++ `<random>`, Seed, PRNG period and quality, Distribution, Recent algorithms and Performance, Quasi-random, True Random Number Generator (TRNG). * **Time Measuring**: Wall-Clock time, User time, System time * **Std Class Templates**: `std::pair`, `std::tuple`, `std::variant`, `std::optional`, `std::any`. * **Filesystem Library**: Query methods, Modify methods. **[20. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](20.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)** * **Containers and Iterators**: Semantic. * **Sequence Containers**: `std::array`, `std::vector`, `std::deque`, `std::list`, `std::forward_list`. * **Associative Containers**: `std::set`, `std::map`, `std::multiset`. * **Container Adaptors**: `std::stack`, `std::queue`, `std::priority_queue`. * **Implement a Custom Iterator**: Implement a simple Iterator. * **Iterator Notes**. * **Iterator Utility Methods**: `std::advance`, `std::next`, `std::prev`, `std::distance`, Container access methods, Iterator traits. * **Algorithms Library**: `std::find_if`, `std::sort`, `std::accumulate`, `std::generate`, `std::remove_if`. * **C++20 Ranges**: Key concepts, Range view, Range adaptor, Range factory, Range algorithms, Range actions. **[21. Advanced Topics I](21.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf)** * **Move Semantic**: `lvalues` and `rvalues` references, Move semantic, `std::move`, Class declaration semantic. * **Universal Reference and Perfect Forwarding**: Universal reference, Reference collapsing rules, Perfect forwarding. * **Value Categories**. * **`&`, `&&` Ref-qualifiers and `volatile` Overloading**. * **Copy Elision and RVO**. * **Type Deduction**: Pass by-reference, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-value, `auto` deduction, `auto(x)`: Decay-copy. * **`const` Correctness**. **[22. Advanced Topics II](22.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf)** - **Undefined Behavior**: Illegal behavior, Platform specific behavior, unspecified behavior, Detecting undefined behavior. - **Error Handling**: Recoverable error handling, Return code, C++ Exceptions, Defining custom exceptions, `noexcept` keyword, Memory allocation issues, Return code and exception summary, `std::expected`, Alternative error handling approaches. - **Smart pointers**: `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, `std::weak_ptr`. - **Concurrency**: Thread methods, Mutex, Atomic, Task-based parallelism. **[23. Optimization I - Basic Concepts](23.Optimization_I.pdf)** * **Introduction**: Moore's Law, Moore's Law limitations, Reasons for optimizing. * **Basic Concepts**: Asymptotic complexity, Time-Memory trade-off, Developing cycle, Amdahl's Law, Throughput, Bandwidth, Latency, Performance bounds, Arithmetic intensity. * **Basic Architecture Concepts**: Instruction throughput (IPC), In-Order, and Out-of-Order Execution, Instruction pipelining, Instruction-level parallelism (ILP), Little's law, Data-level parallelism (DLP) and vector instructions (SIMD), Thread-level parallelism (TLP), Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT), RISC, CISC instruction sets. * **Memory Hierarchy**: Memory hierarchy concepts, Memory locality, Core-to-core latency and thread affinity, Memory ordering model. **[24. Optimization II - Code Optimization](24.Optimization_II.pdf)** * **I/O Operations**: `printf`, Memory mapped I/O, Speed up raw data loading. * **Memory Optimizations**: Heap memory, Stack memory, `constexpr` vs. `static constexpr`, Cache utilization, Memory alignment, Memory Prefetch. * **Arithmetic Types**: Data types, Arithmetic operations, Conversion, Floating-point, Compiler intrinsic functions, Value in a range, Lookup table. * **Control Flow**: Branches, Branch Hints - `[[likely]]` / `[[unlikely]]`, Signed/Unsigned integers, Loops, Loop hoisting, Loop unrolling, Assertions, Compiler hints `[[assume]]/std::unreachable()`, Recursion. * **Functions**: Function call cost, Argument passing, Function inlining, Pure functions, Constant functions, Pointer aliasing. * **Object-Oriented Programming**. * **Standard Library and Other Language Aspects**. **[25. Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking](25.Optimization_III.pdf)** * **Compiler Optimizations**: About the compiler, Compiler optimization flags, Floating-point optimization flags, Linker optimization flags, Architecture flags, Help the compiler to produce better code, Profile-guided optimization (PGO and AutoFDO), Post-processing binary optimizer, Polyhedral optimizations. * **Compiler Transformation Techniques**: Basic transformations, Loop unswitching, Loop fusion, Loop fission, Loop interchange, Loop tiling. * **Libraries and Data Structures**. * **Performance Benchmarking**: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Metric evaluation. * **Stable Performance Measurement**: Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Multi-thread considerations, Operating system considerations, Program memory layout, Measurement overhead, Compiler optimizations. * **Profiling**: `gprof`, `uftrace`, `callgrind`, `cachegrind`, `perf` Linux profiler. * **Parallel Computing**: Concurrency vs. parallelism, Performance scaling, Gustafson's Law, Parallel programming languages. **[26. Software Design I - Basic Concepts (DRAFT)](26.Software_Design_I.pdf)** - **Books and References**. - **Basic Concepts**: Abstraction, interface, and module, Class Invariant. - **Software Design Principles**: Separation of concern, Low coupling, high cohesion, Encapsulation and information hiding, Design by contract, Problem decomposition, Code reuse. - **Software Complexity**: Software entropy, Technical debt. - **The SOLID Design Principles**. - **Class Design**: The class interface principle, Member functions vs. free functions, namespace functions vs. class static methods. - **BLAS GEMM Case Study**. - **Owning Objects and Views**. - **Value vs. Reference Semantics**. - **Global Variables**. **[27. Software Design II - Design Patterns and Idioms (DRAFT)](27.Software_Design_II.pdf)** - **C++ Idioms**: Rule of Zero, Rule of Three, Rule of Five. - **Design Pattern**: Singleton, Pointer to IMPLementation (PIMPL), Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP), Template virtual functions. **[28. Binary Size](28.Binary_Size.pdf)** - **Binary Size Introduction**: - **Compiler and Linker Techniques**: Optimization flags, Debugging and runtime information flags, Symbol visibility, Exceptions flags, Linker flags, Link-Time Optimization (LTO), CMake support. - **Coding Aspects**: Function Inlining, Function Visibility, Templates, Static Storage Duration, Linkage, Polymorphic classes, Exceptions, Header Inclusion. - **Binary Size Tools**: `nm` and `objdump`, `Bloaty`, Executable packer. **[29. Build Time](29.Build_time.pdf)** - **Compile Time Introduction**: The importance of build time, Causes of long build time. - **Compiler Aspects**: Compiler flags, Optimized compiler builds. - **C++ Standard Version**. - **Precompiled Header (PCH)**. - **Linker Aspects**: Link-Time Optimization (LTO), Thin Link-Time Optimization (ThinLTO), Main linkers, Linker flags. - **Unity Build**. - **Tools for Reducing Build Time**: `ninja`, Compiler cache, Distributed compilation, RAM disk, `Include-What-You-Use (IWYU)`. - **Function Inlining**. - **Template**: Template metaprogramming cost, `extern` template, `constexpr` variable vs. template structure + `static` Data member, Tag dispatching, Fold expressions, C++20 concepts, `auto`, `using` type aliasing. - **Other Aspects**: C++20 modules, Overload resolution, other code aspects, Pointer Implementation (PIMPL), Include guard vs. `#pragma once`, Static vs. dynamic linking, Comments and formatting, External factors. - **Tools to Analyze Build Time**: Clang build-time analysis, `ninjatracing`, `Templight`, `Build Bench`, Visual Studio - `CompileScore`, Visual Studio - `C++ Build Insights`. ## Reporting Bugs 🐛 and Contributing Please see the [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) file for more information. ## Where the Course has been used The **Modern C++ Programming** course was created in 2018 and adopted by the [University of Verona](https://www.univr.it/en/university), Italy. It is taught as part of the Bachelor's and Master's degree programmes in Computer Science, for three and two years respectively. The course has also been used to train interns at NVIDIA. *Have you adopted the course, or are you interested in using it in certain contexts?* If so, please get in touch so that I can keep track of usage. I'm also willing to share the LaTeX source code (the Tyst version will be open-sourced on GitHub soon). ## License This repository is dual-licensed: * **Course Content:** All written materials, slides, and images are licensed under [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)](LICENSE-CC-BY-SA.md). * **Source Code:** All code examples and scripts are licensed under the [MIT License](LICENSE-MIT.md). ## Author `Federico Busato`, [federico-busato.github.io](https://federico-busato.github.io/) - &#127760; LinkedIn: [www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/) - &#129419; Bluesky: [fbusato.bsky.social](https://bsky.app/profile/fbusato.bsky.social) ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"5410","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: []" returns me the "expected json"