base on gnark is a fast zk-SNARK library that offers a high-level API to design circuits. The library is open source and developed under the Apache 2.0 license # `gnark` zk-SNARK library [](https://twitter.com/gnark_team) [](LICENSE) [](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/ConsenSys/gnark) [](https://pkg.go.dev/mod/github.com/consensys/gnark) [][`gnark` User Documentation] [](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5819104) `gnark` is a fast zk-SNARK library that offers a high-level API to design circuits. The library is open-source and developed under the Apache 2.0 license. `gnark` uses [`gnark-crypto`] for the finite-field arithmetic and out-circuit implementation of cryptographic algorithms. `gnark` powers [`Linea zk-rollup`](https://linea.build). Include your project in the [known users](docs/KNOWN_USERS.md) section by opening a PR. ## Useful Links * [`gnark` User Documentation] * [`gnark` Playground] * [`gnark` Issues] * [`gnark` Benchmarks](https://docs.gnark.consensys.net/overview#gnark-is-fast) 🏁 * [`gnark-announce`] - Announcement list for new releases and security patches ## `gnark` Users To get started with `gnark` and write your first circuit, follow [these instructions][`gnark` User Documentation]. Checkout the [online playground][`gnark` Playground] to compile circuits and visualize constraint systems. ## Security **`gnark` and [`gnark-crypto`] have been [extensively audited](#audits), but are provided as-is, we make no guarantees or warranties to their safety and reliability. In particular, `gnark` makes no security guarantees such as constant time implementation or side-channel attack resistance.** **To report a security bug, please refer to [`gnark` Security Policy](SECURITY.md).** Refer to [known security advisories](https://github.com/Consensys/gnark/security/advisories?state=published) for a list of known security issues. ## Testing `gnark` employs the following testing procedures: * unit testing - we test the primitives in unit tests * circuit testing - we test the circuit implementation against several targets: - test engine - instead of running the full prover and verifier stack, we run the computations only to ensure the completeness of the circuits - proof engines - we compile the circuits, run the setup, prove and verify using native implementation - Solidity verifier - in addition to the previous, we verify the proofs in Solidity verifier. See [`gnark-solidity-checker`] * regression testing - we have implemented [tests for reported issues](internal/regression_tests) to avoid regressions * constraint count testing - we have implemented [circuit size tests](internal/stats) to avoid regressions * serialization testing - we check that [serialization round-trip is complete](io/roundtrip.go) * side-effect testing - we check that circuit [compilation is deterministic](test/assert.go) * fuzz testing: - circuit input fuzzing - we provide random inputs to the circuit to cause solver error - native input fuzzing - we provide random inputs to various native methods to cause errors. We have also stored initial fuzzing corpus for regression tests. - circuit definition fuzzing - we cooperate with Consensys Diligence to fuzz the circuit definitions to find bugs in the `gnark` circuit compiler. The tests are automatically run during every PR and merge commit. We run full test suite only for the Linux on `amd64` target, but run short tests both for Windows target (`amd64`) and macOS target (`arm64`). ## Performance `gnark` and `gnark-crypto` packages are optimized for 64bits architectures (x86 `amd64`) using assembly operations. We have a generic implementation of the same arithmetic algorithms for ARM backends (`arm64`). We do not implement vector operations. ## Backwards compatibility `gnark` tries to be backwards compatible when possible, however we do not guarantee that serialized object formats are static over different versions of `gnark`. Particularly - we do not have versioning implemented in the serialized formats, so using files between different versions of gnark may lead to undefined behaviour or even crash the program. ## Issues `gnark` issues are tracked [in the GitHub issues tab][`gnark` Issues]. **To report a security bug, please refer to [`gnark` Security Policy](SECURITY.md).** If you have any questions, queries or comments, [GitHub discussions] is the place to find us. You can also get in touch directly: gnark@consensys.net ## Release Notes [Release Notes](CHANGELOG.md) ## Audits * [Kudelski Security - October 2022 - gnark-crypto (contracted by Algorand Foundation)](audits/2022-10%20-%20Kudelski%20-%20gnark-crypto.pdf) * [Sigma Prime - May 2023 - gnark-crypto KZG (contracted by Ethereum Foundation)](audits/2024-05%20-%20Sigma%20Prime%20-%20kzg.pdf) * [Consensys Diligence - June 2023 - gnark PLONK Solidity verifier](https://consensys.io/diligence/audits/2023/06/linea-plonk-verifier/) * [LeastAuthority - August 2023 - gnark Groth16 Solidity verifier template (contracted by Worldcoin)](https://leastauthority.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Worldcoin_Groth16_Verifier_in_EVM_Smart_Contract_Final_Audit_Report.pdf) * [OpenZeppelin - November 2023 - gnark PLONK Solidity verifier template](https://blog.openzeppelin.com/linea-verifier-audit-1) * [ZKSecurity.xyz - May 2024 - gnark standard library](audits/2024-05%20-%20zksecurity%20-%20gnark%20std.pdf) * [OpenZeppelin - June 2024 - gnark PLONK prover and verifier](https://blog.openzeppelin.com/linea-prover-audit) * [LeastAuthority - September 2024 - gnark general and GKR](audits/2024-09%20-%20Least%20Authority%20-%20arithm%20and%20GKR.pdf) * [LeastAuthority - November 2024 - Linea zkEVM](audits/2024-11%20-%20Least%20Authority%20-%20Linea%20zkEVM.pdf) ## Proving schemes and curves Refer to [Proving schemes and curves] for more details. `gnark` support the following zk-SNARKs: - [x] [Groth16](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/260) - [x] [PlonK](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/953) which can be instantiated with the following curves - [x] BN254 - [x] BLS12-381 - [x] BLS12-377 - [x] BW6-761 - [x] BLS24-315 - [x] BW6-633 - [x] BLS24-317 ### Example Refer to the [`gnark` User Documentation] Here is what `x**3 + x + 5 = y` looks like ```golang package main import ( "github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc" "github.com/consensys/gnark/backend/groth16" "github.com/consensys/gnark/frontend" "github.com/consensys/gnark/frontend/cs/r1cs" ) // CubicCircuit defines a simple circuit // x**3 + x + 5 == y type CubicCircuit struct { // struct tags on a variable is optional // default uses variable name and secret visibility. X frontend.Variable `gnark:"x"` Y frontend.Variable `gnark:",public"` } // Define declares the circuit constraints // x**3 + x + 5 == y func (circuit *CubicCircuit) Define(api frontend.API) error { x3 := api.Mul(circuit.X, circuit.X, circuit.X) api.AssertIsEqual(circuit.Y, api.Add(x3, circuit.X, 5)) return nil } func main() { // compiles our circuit into a R1CS var circuit CubicCircuit ccs, _ := frontend.Compile(ecc.BN254.ScalarField(), r1cs.NewBuilder, &circuit) // groth16 zkSNARK: Setup pk, vk, _ := groth16.Setup(ccs) // witness definition assignment := CubicCircuit{X: 3, Y: 35} witness, _ := frontend.NewWitness(&assignment, ecc.BN254.ScalarField()) publicWitness, _ := witness.Public() // groth16: Prove & Verify proof, _ := groth16.Prove(ccs, pk, witness) groth16.Verify(proof, vk, publicWitness) } ``` ### GPU Support #### ICICLE Library The following schemes and curves support experimental use of Ingonyama's ICICLE GPU library for low level zk-SNARK primitives such as MSM, NTT, and polynomial operations: - [x] [Groth16](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/260) instantiated with the following curve(s) - [x] BN254 To use GPUs, add the `icicle` buildtag to your build/run commands, e.g. `go run -tags=icicle main.go`. You can then toggle on or off icicle acceleration by providing the `WithIcicleAcceleration` backend ProverOption: ```go // toggle on proofIci, err := groth16.Prove(ccs, pk, secretWitness, backend.WithIcicleAcceleration()) // toggle off proof, err := groth16.Prove(ccs, pk, secretWitness) ``` For more information about prerequisites see the [ICICLE repo](https://github.com/ingonyama-zk/icicle-gnark). ## Citing If you use `gnark` in your research a citation would be appreciated. Please use the following BibTeX to cite the most recent release. ```bib @software{gnark-v0.12.0, author = {Gautam Botrel and Thomas Piellard and Youssef El Housni and Ivo Kubjas and Arya Tabaie}, title = {Consensys/gnark: v0.12.0}, month = jan, year = 2025, publisher = {Zenodo}, version = {v0.12.0}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.5819104}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5819104} } ``` ## Contributing Please read [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details on our [code of conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md), and the process for submitting pull requests to us. ## Versioning We use [SemVer](http://semver.org/) for versioning. For the versions available, see the [tags on this repository](https://github.com/Consensys/gnark/tags). ## License This project is licensed under the Apache 2 License - see the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details [`gnark` Issues]: https://github.com/Consensys/gnark/issues [`gnark` Playground]: https://play.gnark.io [`gnark` User Documentation]: https://docs.gnark.consensys.net/ [GitHub discussions]: https://github.com/Consensys/gnark/discussions [Proving schemes and curves]: https://docs.gnark.consensys.net/Concepts/schemes_curves [`gnark-announce`]: https://groups.google.com/g/gnark-announce [@gnark_team]: https://twitter.com/gnark_team [`gnark-crypto`]: https://github.com/Consensys/gnark-crypto [`gnark-solidity-checker`]: https://github.com/Consensys/gnark-solidity-checker ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"5527","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"