base on language-agnostic program reducer.  # Perses: Syntax-Directed Program Reduction Perses is a language-agnostic program reducer to minimize a program with respect to a set of constraints. It takes as input a program to reduce, and a test script which specifies the constraints. It outputs a minimized program which still satisfies the constraints specified in the test script. Compared to Delta Debugging and Hierarchical Delta Debugging, Perses leverages the syntax information in the Antlr grammar, and prunes the search space by avoiding generating syntactically invalid programs. ### Supported Languages Currently, Perses supports reduction for the following programming languages: + c: `*.c` + cpp: `*.cc`, `*.cpp`, `*.cxx` + glsl: `*.glsl`, `*.comp`, `*.frag`, `*.vert` + go: `*.go` + java: `*.java` + javascript: `*.javascript`, `*.js` + line: `*.line` + mysql: `*.mysql` + onetoken: `*.onetoken` + php: `*.php` + python3: `*.py`, `*.py3` + ruby: `*.rb` + rust: `*.rs` + scala: `*.scala`, `*.sc` + smtlibv2: `*.smt2` + solidity: `*.sol` + sqlite: `*.sqlite` + system_verilog: `*.v`, `*.sv` + xml: `*.xml` Support for other languages is coming soon. ### Obtain and Run There are three ways to obtain Perses. - Download a prebuilt release JAR file from our [release page](https://github.com/perses-project/perses/releases), for example, ```bash wget https://github.com/uw-pluverse/perses/releases/download/v2.4/perses_deploy.jar java -jar perses_deploy.jar [options]? --test-script <test-script.sh> --input-file <program file> ``` - Clone the repo and build Perses from the source. ```bash git clone https://github.com/perses-project/perses.git cd perses bazelisk build //src/org/perses:perses_deploy.jar java -jar bazel-bin/src/org/perses/perses_deploy.jar [options]? \ --test-script <test-script.sh> --input-file <program file> ``` - If you want to always use the trunk version of Perses, [perses-trunk](https://github.com/perses-project/perses/blob/master/scripts/perses-trunk) automatically downloads and builds the latest version. NOTE: [Bazelisk](https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazelisk) is the prerequisite to run perses-trunk successfully. ```bash wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/perses-project/perses/master/scripts/perses-trunk chmod +x perses-trunk ./perses-trunk [options]? --test-script <test-script.sh> --input-file <program file> ``` #### Important Flags - --test-script **&lt;test-script.sh&gt;**: The script encodes the constraints that both of the original program file and the reduced version should satisfy. It should return **0** if the constraints are satisfied. - --input-file **&lt;program-file&gt;**: the program needs to be reduced. Currently, Perses supports C, Rust, Java and Go. Note that we can easily support any other languages, if the specific language can be parsed by an Antlr parser. Check all available command line arguments ```bash java -jar perses_deploy.jar --help ``` The following is the complete list of command line arguments. ``` Usage: org.perses.Main [options] [Inputs] Options: * --test-script, --test, -t The test script to specify the property the reducer needs to preserve. * --input-file, --input, -i The input file to reduce --deps The dependency files required for running the property test Default: [] [Outputs] Options: --output-dir, -o The output directory to save the reduced result. [General Reduction Control] Options: --fixpoint iterative reduction till fixpoint Default: true --threads Number of reduction threads: a positive integer, or 'auto'. Default: auto --code-format The format of the reduced program. Possible Values: [SINGLE_TOKEN_PER_LINE, ORIG_FORMAT, COMPACT_ORIG_FORMAT, PYTHON3_FORMAT, COMPACT_PYTHON3_FORMAT] --script-execution-timeout-in-seconds the interval in seconds to timeout the test script executions. the default timeout is 600 seconds. Default: 600 --script-execution-keep-waiting-after-timeout keep trying even after the script execution timeouts. Default: true [Output Refining Control] Options: --call-formatter call a formatter on the final result Default: false --format-cmd the command to format the reduced source file Default: <empty string> --call-creduce call C-Reduce when Perses is done. Default: false --creduce-cmd the C-Reduce command name or path Default: creduce [Reduction Algorithm Control] Options: --alg reduction algorithm: use --list-algs to list all available algorithms --list-algs list all the reduction algorithms. --enable-token-slicer Enable token slicer after syntax-guided reduction is done. Maybe slow. Default: false --enable-tree-slicer Enable tree slicer after syntax-guided reduction, and before token slicer Default: false --enable-line-slicer Enable line slicer after syntax-guided reduction, and before token slicer Default: false --default-delta-debugger-for-kleene The default delta debugger algorithm to reduce kleene nodes. Default: DFS Possible Values: [PRISTINE, PERSES_VARIANT_OF_PRISTINE, DFS, BFS, CDD, PROBDD, WDD, WPROBDD] [Language Control] Options: --list-langs List all the supported languages. --lang Specify the language of the program that is to be reduced. Default: <empty string> --parser-facade-class-name The parser facade to be used to parse the input program Default: <empty string> --list-parser-facades List all the available parser facades. --language-ext-jars A list of JAR files to support new languages Default: [] [Vulcan Reducer Control] Options: --enable-vulcan Enable vulcan (using auxiliary reducers to help produce smaller reduction output). Default: false --non-deletion-iteration-limit The maximum number of continuous non-deletion iterations allowed. Default: 10 --window-size The window size used to perform local exhaustive pattern reduction. Default: 4 --vulcan-fixpoint Enable vulcan fixpoint iteratively using auxiliary reducers until no progress can be made Default: false [T-Rec Reducer Control] Options: --enable-trec enable T-Rec (a lexical-syntax guided fine-grained reduction process to reduce and canonicalize each token) Default: false [Profiling] Options: --progress-dump-file The file to record the reduction process. The dump file can be large.. --append-to-progress-dump-file Whether to append the reduction progress to the progress dump file Default: true --stat-dump-file The file to save the statistics collected during reduction. --profile-query-cache-time The file to save the profiling data of the query cache. --profile-query-cache-time-csv The file to save the profiling data of the query cache in the CSV format. --profile-query-cache-memory The file to save the profiling data of the query cache. --profile-actionset The file to save information of all the created edit action sets. --profile-delta-debugger The file to save the reduction process of the delta debugger. [Cache Control] Options: --query-caching Enable query caching for test script executions. Default: AUTO Possible Values: [TRUE, FALSE, AUTO] --query-cache-type the algorithm of the query cache Default: CONTENT_SHA512 Possible Values: [AUTO, COMPACT_QUERY_CACHE, COMPACT_QUERY_CACHE_FORMAT_SENSITIVE, PERSES_FAST_LINEAR_SCAN_NO_COMPRESSION, PERSES_LEXEME_ID, CONFIG_BASED, ORIG_CONTENT_STRING_BASED, CONTENT_LEXEME_LIST_BASE, CONTENT_SHA512, CONTENT_SHA512_FORMAT, CONTENT_ZIP, RCC_MEM_LIT] --enable-lightweight-refreshing Whether to enable lightweight refreshing Default: true [LPR Reducer Control] Options: --enable-lpr Enable LPR (LLM-based transformations to improve reduction results). Default: false --lpr-fixpoint Enable lpr fixpoint. Everytime a transformation makes progress, go to the next transformation. Default: false --llm-client-script The script to invoke LLM. [Verbosity] Options: --verbosity verbosity of logging Default: INFO --list-verbosity-levels list all verbosity levels [Version] Options: --version print the version [Help] Options: -h, --help print help message ``` ### License GNU General Public License 3. ### Publication This repository contains the implementations of the techniques proposed in the following papers. #### 1. Perses: Syntax-Guided Program Reduction (ICSE 2018, [pdf](./doc/publication/2018_perses_icse.pdf)) ``` @inproceedings{perses, author = {Sun, Chengnian and Li, Yuanbo and Zhang, Qirun and Gu, Tianxiao and Su, Zhendong}, title = {Perses: Syntax-Guided Program Reduction}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, doi = {10.1145/3180155.3180236}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering}, pages = {361–371}, } ``` ##### 2. Pushing the Limit of 1-Minimality of Language-Agnostic Program Reduction (OOPSLA 2023, [pdf](./doc/publication/2023_vulcan_oopsla.pdf)) ``` @article{perses-vulcan, title={Pushing the Limit of 1-Minimality of Language-Agnostic Program Reduction}, author={Xu, Zhenyang and Tian, Yongqiang and Zhang, Mengxiao and Zhao, Gaosen and Jiang, Yu and Sun, Chengnian}, journal={Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages}, volume={7}, number={OOPSLA1}, pages={636--664}, year={2023}, publisher={ACM New York, NY, USA} } ``` ##### 3. PPR: Pairwise Program Reduction (ESEC/FSE 2023, [pdf](./doc/publication/2023_ppr_fse.pdf), [doc](./ppr/README.md)) ``` @inproceedings{perses-ppr, title={PPR: Pairwise Program Reduction}, author={Zhang, Mengxiao and Xu, Zhenyang and Tian, Yongqiang and Jiang, Yu and Sun, Chengnian}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering}, pages={338--349}, year={2023} } ``` ##### 4. On the Caching Schemes to Speed Up Program Reduction (TOSEM, [pdf](./doc/publication/2023_caching_tosem.pdf)) ``` @article{perses-caching, title={On the Caching Schemes to Speed Up Program Reduction}, author={Tian, Yongqiang and Zhang, Xueyan and Dong, Yiwen and Xu, Zhenyang and Zhang, Mengxiao and Jiang, Yu and Cheung, Shing-Chi and Sun, Chengnian}, journal={ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology}, volume={33}, number={1}, pages={1--30}, year={2023}, publisher={ACM New York, NY, USA} } ``` ##### 5. LPR: Large language models-aided program reduction (ISSTA 2024, [pdf](./doc/publication/2024_lpr_issta.pdf)) ``` @inproceedings{perses-lpr, title={LPR: Large Language Models-Aided Program Reduction}, author={Zhang, Mengxiao and Tian, Yongqiang and Xu, Zhenyang and Dong, Yiwen and Tan, Shin Hwei and Sun, Chengnian}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 33rd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis}, pages={261--273}, year={2024} } ``` ##### 6. T-Rec: Fine-Grained Language-Agnostic Program Reduction Guided by Lexical Syntax (TOSEM, [pdf](./doc/publication/2024_trec_tosem.pdf)) ``` @article{perses-trec, title={T-Rec: Fine-Grained Language-Agnostic Program Reduction Guided by Lexical Syntax}, author={Xu, Zhenyang and Tian, Yongqiang and Zhang, Mengxiao and Zhang, Jiarui and Liu, Puzhuo and Jiang, Yu and Sun, Chengnian}, journal={ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology}, year={2024}, publisher={ACM New York, NY} } ``` ##### 7. WDD: Weighted Delta Debugging (ICSE, [pdf](./doc/publication/2025_wdd_icse.pdf)) ``` @article{perses-wdd, title={WDD: Weighted Delta Debugging}, author={Zhou, Xintong and Xu, Zhenyang and Zhang, Mengxiao and Tian, Yongqiang and Sun, Chengnian}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th International Conference on Software Engineering}, year={2025}, doi = {10.1109/ICSE55347.2025.00071}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, } ``` ##### 8. Toward a Better Understanding of Probabilistic Delta Debugging (ICSE, [pdf](./doc/publication/2025_cdd_icse.pdf)) ``` @article{perses-cdd, title={Toward a Better Understanding of Probabilistic Delta Debugging}, author={Zhang, Mengxiao and Xu, Zhenyang and Tian, Yongqiang and Cheng, Xinru and Sun, Chengnian}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th International Conference on Software Engineering}, year={2025}, doi = {10.1109/ICSE55347.2025.00117}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, } ``` ", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"6438","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"