base on Ethereum Proof-of-Stake Consensus Specifications # Ethereum Proof-of-Stake Consensus Specifications [](https://discord.gg/qGpsxSA) To learn more about proof-of-stake and sharding, see the [PoS documentation](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/), [sharding documentation](https://ethereum.org/en/upgrades/sharding/) and the [research compendium](https://notes.ethereum.org/s/H1PGqDhpm). This repository hosts the current Ethereum proof-of-stake specifications. Discussions about design rationale and proposed changes can be brought up and discussed as issues. Solidified, agreed-upon changes to the spec can be made through pull requests. ## Specs [](https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/releases/) [](https://badge.fury.io/py/eth2spec) [](https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/actions/workflows/generate_vectors.yml) Core specifications for Ethereum proof-of-stake clients can be found in [specs](./specs). These are divided into features. Features are researched and developed in parallel, and then consolidated into sequential upgrades when ready. ### Stable Specifications | Seq. | Code Name | Fork Epoch | Specs | | - | - | - | - | | 0 | **Phase0** |`0` | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[The beacon chain](specs/phase0/beacon-chain.md)</li><li>[Deposit contract](specs/phase0/deposit-contract.md)</li><li>[Beacon chain fork choice](specs/phase0/fork-choice.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[Honest validator guide](specs/phase0/validator.md)</li><li>[P2P networking](specs/phase0/p2p-interface.md)</li><li>[Weak subjectivity](specs/phase0/weak-subjectivity.md)</li></ul></ul> | | 1 | **Altair** | `74240` | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Beacon chain changes](specs/altair/beacon-chain.md)</li><li>[Altair fork](specs/altair/fork.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[Light client sync protocol](specs/altair/light-client/sync-protocol.md) ([full node](specs/altair/light-client/full-node.md), [light client](specs/altair/light-client/light-client.md), [networking](specs/altair/light-client/p2p-interface.md))</li><li>[Honest validator guide changes](specs/altair/validator.md)</li><li>[P2P networking](specs/altair/p2p-interface.md)</li></ul></ul> | | 2 | **Bellatrix** <br/> (["The Merge"](https://ethereum.org/en/upgrades/merge/)) | `144896` | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Beacon Chain changes](specs/bellatrix/beacon-chain.md)</li><li>[Bellatrix fork](specs/bellatrix/fork.md)</li><li>[Fork choice changes](specs/bellatrix/fork-choice.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[Honest validator guide changes](specs/bellatrix/validator.md)</li><li>[P2P networking](specs/bellatrix/p2p-interface.md)</li></ul></ul> | | 3 | **Capella** | `194048` | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Beacon chain changes](specs/capella/beacon-chain.md)</li><li>[Capella fork](specs/capella/fork.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[Light client sync protocol changes](specs/capella/light-client/sync-protocol.md) ([fork](specs/capella/light-client/fork.md), [full node](specs/capella/light-client/full-node.md), [networking](specs/capella/light-client/p2p-interface.md))</li><li>[Validator additions](specs/capella/validator.md)</li><li>[P2P networking](specs/capella/p2p-interface.md)</li></ul></ul> | | 4 | **Deneb** | `269568` | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Beacon Chain changes](specs/deneb/beacon-chain.md)</li><li>[Deneb fork](specs/deneb/fork.md)</li><li>[Polynomial commitments](specs/deneb/polynomial-commitments.md)</li><li>[Fork choice changes](specs/deneb/fork-choice.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[Light client sync protocol changes](specs/deneb/light-client/sync-protocol.md) ([fork](specs/deneb/light-client/fork.md), [full node](specs/deneb/light-client/full-node.md), [networking](specs/deneb/light-client/p2p-interface.md))</li><li>[Honest validator guide changes](specs/deneb/validator.md)</li><li>[P2P networking](specs/deneb/p2p-interface.md)</li></ul></ul> | ### In-development Specifications | Seq. | Code Name | Fork Epoch | Specs | | - | - | - | - | | 5 | **Electra** | TBD | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Beacon Chain changes](specs/electra/beacon-chain.md)</li><li>[Electra fork](specs/electra/fork.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[Light client sync protocol changes](specs/electra/light-client/sync-protocol.md) ([fork](specs/electra/light-client/fork.md), [networking](specs/electra/light-client/p2p-interface.md))</li><li>[Honest validator guide changes](specs/electra/validator.md)</li><li>[P2P networking](specs/electra/p2p-interface.md)</li></ul></ul> | | 6 | **Fulu** | TBD | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Beacon Chain changes](specs/fulu/beacon-chain.md)</li><li>[Fulu fork](specs/fulu/fork.md)</li><li>[Data availability sampling core](specs/fulu/das-core.md)</li><li>[Polynomial commitments sampling](specs/fulu/polynomial-commitments-sampling.md)</li><li>[Fork choice changes](specs/fulu/fork-choice.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[P2P networking](specs/fulu/p2p-interface.md)</li><li>[Peer sampling](specs/fulu/peer-sampling.md)</li></ul></ul> | ### Outdated Specifications | Code Name or Topic | Specs | Notes | | - | - | - | | Sharding | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Beacon Chain changes](specs/_features/sharding/beacon-chain.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[P2P networking](specs/_features/sharding/p2p-interface.md)</li></ul></ul> | | Custody Game | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Beacon Chain changes](specs/_features/custody_game/beacon-chain.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[Honest validator guide changes](specs/_features/custody_game/validator.md)</li></ul></ul> | Dependent on sharding | | Data Availability Sampling | <ul><li>Core</li><ul><li>[Core types and functions](specs/_features/das/das-core.md)</li><li>[Fork choice changes](specs/_features/das/fork-choice.md)</li></ul><li>Additions</li><ul><li>[P2P Networking](specs/_features/das/p2p-interface.md)</li><li>[Sampling process](specs/_features/das/sampling.md)</li></ul></ul> | <ul><li> Dependent on sharding</li><li>[Technical explainer](https://hackmd.io/@HWeNw8hNRimMm2m2GH56Cw/B1YJPGkpD)</li></ul> | ### Accompanying documents can be found in [specs](specs) and include: * [SimpleSerialize (SSZ) spec](ssz/simple-serialize.md) * [Merkle proof formats](ssz/merkle-proofs.md) * [General test format](tests/formats/README.md) ## Additional specifications for client implementers Additional specifications and standards outside of requisite client functionality can be found in the following repos: * [Beacon APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/beacon-apis) * [Engine APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/tree/main/src/engine) * [Beacon Metrics](https://github.com/ethereum/beacon-metrics/) ## Design goals The following are the broad design goals for the Ethereum proof-of-stake consensus specifications: * to minimize complexity, even at the cost of some losses in efficiency * to remain live through major network partitions and when very large portions of nodes go offline * to select all components such that they are either quantum secure or can be easily swapped out for quantum secure counterparts when available * to utilize crypto and design techniques that allow for a large participation of validators in total and per unit time * to allow for a typical consumer laptop with `O(C)` resources to process/validate `O(1)` shards (including any system level validation such as the beacon chain) ## Useful external resources * [Design Rationale](https://notes.ethereum.org/s/rkhCgQteN#) * [Phase 0 Onboarding Document](https://notes.ethereum.org/s/Bkn3zpwxB) * [Combining GHOST and Casper paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052) ## For spec contributors Documentation on the different components used during spec writing can be found here: * [YAML Test Generators](tests/generators/README.md) * [Executable Python Spec, with Py-tests](tests/core/pyspec/README.md) ## Online viewer of the latest release (latest `master` branch) [Ethereum Consensus Specs](https://ethereum.github.io/consensus-specs/) ## Consensus spec tests Conformance tests built from the executable python spec are available in the [Ethereum Proof-of-Stake Consensus Spec Tests](https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-spec-tests) repo. Compressed tarballs are available in [releases](https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-spec-tests/releases). ## Installation and Usage The consensus-specs repo can be used by running the tests locally or inside a docker container. To run the tests locally: - Clone the repository with `git clone https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs.git` - Switch to the directory `cd consensus-specs` - Run the tests with `make test` To run the tests inside a docker container: - Switch to the directory with `cd scripts` - Run the script `./build_run_docker_tests.sh` - Find the results in a folder called `./testResults` - Find more ways to customize the script with `./build_run_docker_tests.sh --h`", Assign "at most 3 tags" to the expected json: {"id":"9413","tags":[]} "only from the tags list I provide: [{"id":77,"name":"3d"},{"id":89,"name":"agent"},{"id":17,"name":"ai"},{"id":54,"name":"algorithm"},{"id":24,"name":"api"},{"id":44,"name":"authentication"},{"id":3,"name":"aws"},{"id":27,"name":"backend"},{"id":60,"name":"benchmark"},{"id":72,"name":"best-practices"},{"id":39,"name":"bitcoin"},{"id":37,"name":"blockchain"},{"id":1,"name":"blog"},{"id":45,"name":"bundler"},{"id":58,"name":"cache"},{"id":21,"name":"chat"},{"id":49,"name":"cicd"},{"id":4,"name":"cli"},{"id":64,"name":"cloud-native"},{"id":48,"name":"cms"},{"id":61,"name":"compiler"},{"id":68,"name":"containerization"},{"id":92,"name":"crm"},{"id":34,"name":"data"},{"id":47,"name":"database"},{"id":8,"name":"declarative-gui "},{"id":9,"name":"deploy-tool"},{"id":53,"name":"desktop-app"},{"id":6,"name":"dev-exp-lib"},{"id":59,"name":"dev-tool"},{"id":13,"name":"ecommerce"},{"id":26,"name":"editor"},{"id":66,"name":"emulator"},{"id":62,"name":"filesystem"},{"id":80,"name":"finance"},{"id":15,"name":"firmware"},{"id":73,"name":"for-fun"},{"id":2,"name":"framework"},{"id":11,"name":"frontend"},{"id":22,"name":"game"},{"id":81,"name":"game-engine "},{"id":23,"name":"graphql"},{"id":84,"name":"gui"},{"id":91,"name":"http"},{"id":5,"name":"http-client"},{"id":51,"name":"iac"},{"id":30,"name":"ide"},{"id":78,"name":"iot"},{"id":40,"name":"json"},{"id":83,"name":"julian"},{"id":38,"name":"k8s"},{"id":31,"name":"language"},{"id":10,"name":"learning-resource"},{"id":33,"name":"lib"},{"id":41,"name":"linter"},{"id":28,"name":"lms"},{"id":16,"name":"logging"},{"id":76,"name":"low-code"},{"id":90,"name":"message-queue"},{"id":42,"name":"mobile-app"},{"id":18,"name":"monitoring"},{"id":36,"name":"networking"},{"id":7,"name":"node-version"},{"id":55,"name":"nosql"},{"id":57,"name":"observability"},{"id":46,"name":"orm"},{"id":52,"name":"os"},{"id":14,"name":"parser"},{"id":74,"name":"react"},{"id":82,"name":"real-time"},{"id":56,"name":"robot"},{"id":65,"name":"runtime"},{"id":32,"name":"sdk"},{"id":71,"name":"search"},{"id":63,"name":"secrets"},{"id":25,"name":"security"},{"id":85,"name":"server"},{"id":86,"name":"serverless"},{"id":70,"name":"storage"},{"id":75,"name":"system-design"},{"id":79,"name":"terminal"},{"id":29,"name":"testing"},{"id":12,"name":"ui"},{"id":50,"name":"ux"},{"id":88,"name":"video"},{"id":20,"name":"web-app"},{"id":35,"name":"web-server"},{"id":43,"name":"webassembly"},{"id":69,"name":"workflow"},{"id":87,"name":"yaml"}]" returns me the "expected json"